Kevin Cooper (prisoner)

Kevin Cooper
Cooper in 2006
Born	Richard Goodman (1958-01-08) January 8, 1958 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Criminal status	On death row
Conviction(s)	First-degree murder (4 counts), attempted murder
Criminal penalty	Death (de jure)
Website	kevincooper.org

Kevin Cooper (born Richard Goodman; January 8, 1958) is a prisoner at San Quentin State Prison's death row in California. Cooper was found guilty of four murders in the Chino Hills area of California in 1983. Cooper's conviction has garnered repeated attention from both Nicholas Kristof in the New York Times and Erin Moriarty on the CBS News program "48 Hours." There have been accusations that Cooper received an inadequate defense, as well as prosecutorial misconduct such as destruction of evidence, withholding exculpatory evidence from the defense, planting of evidence, brainwashing to witnesses, and perjured testimony by the Sheriff's Department. There have also been practical questions raised, such as how Cooper, at 155 pounds, and allegedly acting alone, overpowered a 6-foot, 2-inch ex-military policeman and his athletic wife, both of whom had loaded firearms close at hand. It has also been questioned why a single perpetrator would use 3 or 4 different weapons to commit the murders, and why none of the victims were able to run away while the others were being attacked.

Cooper's habeas corpus petitions have been denied. The evidence in the case of the original trial has been reviewed by the California Supreme Court, by the United States District Court and by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.

In 2007, two judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit wrote that "As the district court and all state courts, have repeatedly found, evidence of Cooper's guilt was overwhelming. The tests for which he asked to show his innocence 'once and for all' show nothing of the sort." In a concurring opinion, however, Judge Margaret McKeown said she was troubled that the court could not resolve the question of Cooper's guilt "once and for all" and noted that significant evidence bearing on Cooper's culpability has been lost, destroyed or left unpursued.

In a dissenting opinion written in 2009, Judge William A. Fletcher began by stating: "The State of California may be about to execute an innocent man." Fletcher wrote that the police may have tampered with the evidence and that the Ninth Circuit Court should have reheard the case en banc and should have "ordered the district judge to give Cooper the fair hearing he has never had." Five federal circuit court judges joined in Fletcher's dissent and five more stated that Cooper has never had a fair hearing to determine his innocence. In a lecture, Fletcher declared "the San Bernardino Sheriff's Department framed him".

Early life

Cooper was born Richard Goodman on January 8, 1958, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When he was two months old, his mother placed him in an orphanage. At the age of six months, he was adopted by Melvin and Esther Cooper, who renamed him Kevin Cooper. As a child, Kevin Cooper was subjected to physical abuse and ran away from home numerous times. As an adolescent, he was sent to juvenile custody numerous times.

Previous criminal record

Cooper's criminal past included theft and burglary. He was sentenced to a one-to-two-year prison term in 1977 for burglarizing a home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cooper was never tried but later stipulated to kidnapping and raping a minor female who interrupted him during a burglary in Pennsylvania. Cooper agreed to the stipulation on the advice of his lawyer who mistakenly believed this admission would help Cooper avoid the death penalty in the Chino Hills case. During the purported crime, he threatened to kill the teen-age victim. Over the next five years, he was convicted and sentenced to jail twice for burglaries and was released on probation in 1982. He escaped from custodial settings in Pennsylvania 11 times. In late 1982, Cooper fled to California after escaping from a Pennsylvania psychiatric facility. In California, Cooper was soon convicted of two burglaries in the Los Angeles area. He began serving a four-year sentence under the alias David Trautman at the California Institution for Men (CIM) in Chino on April 29, 1983, where he was assigned to the minimum security section. On June 2, 1983, Cooper climbed through a hole in the prison fence and walked away from the prison across an open field.

Chino Hills murders and arrest

On the morning of June 5, 1983, Bill Hughes arrived at a semi-rural home in Chino Hills, California, where his 11-year-old son Christopher had spent the night. Inside, he found Douglas and Peggy Ryen, their 10-year-old daughter Jessica and his own son dead. They had been chopped with a hatchet, sliced with a knife, and stabbed with an ice-pick. Josh Ryen, the 8-year-old son of Douglas and Peggy, had survived. His throat had been cut. Mrs. Ryen's purse was in plain sight on the kitchen counter, but no money had been taken. The family station wagon was gone; it was discovered several days later in Long Beach, California, about 50 miles southwest of Chino Hills.

The San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department deputies who responded to the call identified Kevin Cooper as the likely killer. He had admittedly hidden out in the vacant house next door, the Lease house, 125 yards away, for two days. He had made repeated calls from this house to two female friends asking for money to help with his escape, but they had refused. Cooper testified at trial that he had left that house as soon as it got dark on June 4 and had hitchhiked to Mexico. It was established that Cooper checked into a hotel in Tijuana, about 130 miles south of Chino Hills, at 4:30 pm on June 5.

There, Cooper befriended an American couple who owned a sailboat. He hitched a ride on the boat with them as a crew member cruising the Baja and Southern California coasts.

Seven weeks later, while still staying on the couple's boat, Cooper was accused of raping a woman at knifepoint on a boat docked nearby. While visiting the sheriff's office to report the crime, the rape victim saw a wanted poster with Cooper's photograph and identified him as the rapist. Deputies and coast guard personnel detained him as he tried to swim ashore. Cooper was never charged with rape or assault in this matter.

Evidence

There is disagreement about Cooper's guilt and the evidence supporting it. The evidence used to convict Cooper includes the following.

• A khaki green button identical to the buttons on CIM jackets was found in the room where Cooper slept. The button had blood on it that could have come from either Cooper or the victims.
• A blood-stained rope was found in the closet of the bedroom used by Cooper. The rope was similar to another rope found in the Ryen driveway, but lacked a center cord.
• Luminol testing seemed to indicate that there were bloody footprints in the hallway leading to the bedroom Cooper used and on the shower walls in the Lease house.
• Hair similar to that of Jessica Ryen was found in the bathroom sink in the Lease house.
• A hair removed from the bathroom shower in the Lease house was similar to Douglas Ryen's hair.
• A hatchet that went missing from the Lease house was very similar to a hatchet discovered on the side of a road by a citizen, and was found to have blood and hairs that were consistent with that of Douglas and Josh Ryen. An axe sheath was found on the floor near the bedroom where Cooper slept.
• Buck knives, an 11-inch hunting knife, and ice picks were missing from the Lease house. The strap for a buck knife was found on the floor in the bedroom Cooper slept in.
• Blood Stain A-41 was identified as belonging to Kevin Cooper. Notably, two rare genetic markers from Cooper's profile (Transferrin type C-D and Peptidase A 2–1) were linked in the original serology testing (though the defense was only able to independently verify the Transferrin results). There are questions regarding the handling of the evidence and whether it was tampered with prior to testing.
• "Pro Keds" Tennis Shoe prints consistent with the size and pattern of the shoes given to Cooper at CIM were found in the Lease house and in several parts of the Ryen house.
• Plant burrs recovered from Jessica Ryen's nightgown were similar to those found on a blanket inside a closet in the Lease house and in the Ryen car. These burrs were similar to those from vegetation between the hideout house and the Ryen house.
• "Roll Rite" tobacco, the type Cooper used, which is free to CIM inmates and not available at retail, was found in the Ryen's car and the bedroom Cooper stayed in.
• Cigarette butts with Cooper's saliva were found in the Ryen car. Post-conviction DNA testing confirmed that DNA from one of the butts would match one in 19 billion people while the other would match one in 110 million people.
• Hair consistent with Cooper's was found in the Ryen car.

Trial

On Cooper's motion, the court changed the venue of the trial from San Bernardino County to San Diego County. Cooper pleaded guilty to the charge of escape from prison.

In videotaped testimony, Josh Ryen said that the evening before the murders, just before the family left for the Blade barbecue, three Mexican men came to the Ryen home looking for work. Ryen did not identify the killer, but said in an audiotape with his treating psychiatrist that he saw the back of a single man attacking his mother. Ryen told a sheriff he thought three men had done it because "I thought it was them. And, you know, like they stopped up that night," but he did not actually see three people during the incident.

Cooper testified in his own defense. He admitted escaping from CIM, hiding out and sleeping at the Lease house, but denied committing the murders or being in the Ryen house. Cooper said he left the Lease house on foot, hitchhiked, stole a purse, and eventually made his way to Mexico. The defense pointed out the inconsistencies in Ryen's testimony, presented evidence of other events apparently not involving Cooper that might have had something to do with the killings, and presented an expert witness that criticized the forensic investigation.

A jury convicted Cooper of four counts of first degree murder and one count of attempted murder with the intentional infliction of great bodily injury, and then imposed the death penalty.

During the penalty phase of Cooper's trial, a stipulation was entered that “Kevin Cooper was the man who abducted (the female minor) on October 8th of 1982 from the Heath residence, kidnapped her, and later raped her in Frock Park." Cooper agreed to the stipulation on the advice of his lawyer who mistakenly believed this admission would help Cooper avoid the death penalty in this case.

Possible manipulation of evidence

Cooper has consistently denied any involvement in the crimes for almost 40 years. Some arguments supporting his innocence include:

• In 1999, Daniel Gregonis checked out blood drop A-41 (the blood drop recovered from the house) for 24 hours without informing the defense; while Gregonis denied opening the glassine bindle containing A-41 under oath, his initials and the date he checked it out were on the seal. Two members of the San Bernardino County Crime Lab testified that this was done to show that evidence was opened, which has caused some to argue that Gregonis did in fact open the envelope and added Cooper's blood to A-41 in 1999, and that he lied under oath when he denied doing so. Gregonis would also be accused of forging evidence in the case of William Richards, who was released from prison in 2016 and formally declared innocent in 2021.
• Judge Fletcher writes that while a button found in the house came from a green prison jacket, "uncontradicted evidence at trial showed that Cooper was wearing a brown or tan prison-issued jacket when he escaped." Deputy Patrick Whelchel would later tell Cooper's defense that he had been asked to acquire a prison issue jacket and shoes from the prison within a day or two of the murders.
• Judge Fletcher suggested that since the chemical test used to detect blood also reacted to bleach, and since a previous occupant had admitted at trial to cleaning the shower and sink with bleach just prior to vacating, that the supposed blood in the shower and sink could have potentially been the bleach used by the tenant to clean up. Luminol testing also reacts to coppery substances, plant enzymes, microorganisms and excrement, raising an alternate explanation for the luminol results in the hallway and bedrooms.
• The witnesses who identified the hatchet as coming from the hideout house only did so after being spoken to by Mary Ann Hughes, the mother of Christopher Hughes. When the defense sought to question witnesses about this during the trial they were blocked from doing so. Ronald Lax, another witness, acknowledged that one of the missing knives was actually kept at his other house. Moreover, initially only the hatchet was reported missing, with the knives and ice pick not reported missing until months after Cooper was arrested. Accounts on where the hatchet had been were inconsistent as well.
• The fingerprints of Officer Stephen Moran were recovered from the interior of the closet where Cooper had his sleeping nest, and were determined to have been left on June 6 (the day before the hatchet sheathe and button on the floor of the room were officially found.) Moran himself would deny ever entering the closet. This has caused speculation that Moran planted both the button and the hatchet sheathe.
• Judge Fletcher suggested that preservatives found in the blood on the tan T-shirt indicated that it may have been planted (arguing that Huff ignored testing which showed that four of the alleged control samples either had DNA or were inconclusive and thus could not be legitimate controls, and that Huff had both failed to test the new sample to see if it was blood and ignored that the EDTA corresponded with the DNA). Fletcher also argued that in most of the stains the DNA and EDTA aligned perfectly, with the only exception being a stain that was not only unusually sized and shaped, but had never been tested to confirm how far Cooper's blood extended into it."If the EDTA testing already performed shows that Cooper's blood was planted on the t-shirt, or if further EDTA testing does the same thing, that showing greatly increases the likelihood that much of the evidence introduced at trial was false," Fletcher wrote. Fletcher argued that the reason for the disparity was because the section sent to the defense had either none of his blood or very little, while the section sent to the state expert had a very large amount, and that the state expert either lied about contamination or overexxagerated the extent.
• Prosecutors claimed during the trial that a bloody footprint found on the Ryens’ bedsheet and another print on a spa cover outside the Ryen home matched the size and type of the Pro-Ked ‘‘Dude’’ sneakers Cooper was issued inside the prison, further claiming that the shoe was distributed solely through prisons and other government institutions like the one Cooper had escaped only two days prior to the murders. Cooper’s attorneys, however, obtained statements from James Taylor, an inmate who said he issued Cooper PF Flyer shoes, and Midge Carroll, the former prison warden, who said the shoes the prison purchased for inmates were widely available to the public through major retail outlets such as Sears. This information was enough to temporarily put a halt to his execution for further examination. Don Luck, a Stride-Rite Executive, would also say that it was possible for smaller stores on the West Coast to acquire the shoes through the company catalog, confirming that the shoe in the catalog the defense provided was the same as the shoe the state claimed was only ever issued to prisons. The state would in turn claim that they had never argued that the shoes were unique, and appeals judges would accept the explanation despite clear contradictions from the trial transcripts.
• In the initial search of the Ryen's station wagon, the two cigarettes later tied to Cooper were not found in the car even though other cigarettes were reported in the ashtray (those cigarettes would go missing). Judge Fletcher writes, "Some of those cigarette butts could have easily been planted in the car. Moreover, after initial forensic testing, paper from a hand-rolled cigarette butt supposedly found in the station wagon was described as consumed. That same paper later "reappeared" and was offered into evidence. When the paper "reappeared," it was significantly larger than the paper in the cigarette butt that had been tested."
• Multiple cigarettes recovered from Cooper's hideout were never entered into evidence. The same officers who processed the house (Craig Ogino and David Stockwell) would also be the ones to discover the prison issue cigarettes in the car, causing people like Judge Fletcher to argue that they may have planted cigarettes from Cooper's hideout in the car after the first search failed to reveal anything. This has caused some to argue that Ogino and Stockwell planted cigarettes from Cooper's hideout in the station wagon in order to frame him.
• The tan t shirt with Cooper's blood on it was not prison issued, and none of the people in the lease house recognized it despite identifying other items of clothing that Cooper had stolen from the house.. While the state tested it over six months between November 1983 and May 1984, they were unable to match the serological results to Cooper, and the two experts involved in this testing were either expelled for criminal activity elsewhere (William Baird) or accused of forging evidence in other cases (Daniel Gregonis).
• The sole survivor, Josh Ryen, indicated with a communication board to social worker Donald Gamundoy in the emergency room that 3 or 4 white men committed the murders. According to Gamundoy (who was often confused for being Mexican) Josh, Josh also specifically stated that the attackers were neither Mexican nor Black, but White (pointing to the word "No" when asked if the attackers looked like Gamundoy, but pointing to the word "Yes" when asked if the attackers were white.". Judge Fletcher wrote, "Deputies misrepresented his recollections and gradually shaped his testimony so that it was consistent with the prosecution's theory that there was only one killer." Both the prosecution and the independent investigation by the governor would ignore Gamundoy's testimony, with Deputy Sharp denying that he saw Gamundoy in the room during the trial.
• A dispatch log would accidentally be given to the defense showing that a second, now missing, blue shirt had been recovered near the bar shortly before the tan shirt presented at trial. The log states that the shirt was reported on June 6 south of the Canyon Corral Bar by a woman named Laurel Epler and picked up the same day, while the shirt presented at trial was found on June 7 north of the Canyon Corral Bar and was tan. Judge Fletcher pointed out that the police's own procedures meant that the shirt would have only appeared in the dispatch log if someone called the department so that they could collect it, and since the tan shirt was found by an officer, there would have been no practical need to use the dispatch log, which disproved the state's claim that there was only ever one shirt. The records also described the shirt as having what looked like blood on it, and one of the state's witnesses admitted that one of the three men in the bar had been wearing a blue shirt. In spite of this, Judge Huff accepted the state's claim that there was only one shirt and blocked the defense from pursuing the matter further. She also refused to let the defense verify the prosecution's claim that they had given the defense the dispatch log in 1983 by denying their request that Prosecutor Kochis be made to turn over documents. Kochis initially claimed that the state had turned the log over, but changed his story when confronted with the fact that the log he brought in did not have marked page numbers (which according to Kochis all documents the DA turned over prior to trial would have).
• Blond hairs were found clutched in Jessica Ryen's hand. Under oath, Dr Ed Blake conceded that most of the hairs had never been tested, and when Judge Huff did order retesting she limited the testing to hairs that were proven not to have Antigen roots (essentially guaranteeing a negative result). DNA testing in 2019 would confirm that the remaining hairs came from the victims.

An alternate suspect

Over the years, the defense has raised the possibility that a man named Lee Furrow (who had previously murdered Mary Sue Kitts on behalf of Clarence Ray Allen) was the actual killer.

Arguments in favor of the alternate suspect theory

• Judge William Fletcher, in a 2010 lecture at Gonzaga University, wrote that on June 9, Diana Roper called the Sheriff's Department to tell them that her boyfriend, Lee Furrow, had come home in the early hours of June 4. He changed out of his overalls which he left on the floor of a closet. He was not wearing a tan t-shirt that he had been wearing earlier in the day. He left after five minutes and did not return. [Roper and her father] both concluded that the overalls were spattered with blood. The Sheriff's Department never tested the overalls for blood, never turned them over to Cooper or his lawyers, and disposed of them on the day of Cooper's arraignment.
• Phone Logs proved that a deputy sheriff made multiple attempts to give the coveralls to the lead investigator. This contradicted the deputy's claim that he never considered the coveralls of value and seemed to show that he had in fact believed Diana Roper's story. A supervisor admitted to an investigator that he signed off on disposing of the overalls, thereby impeaching deputy Eckley's testimony at trial that he made that decision on his own initiative.
• Roper later provided an affidavit stating that a bloody tan t-shirt found beside a road leading from the murder house was Furrow's t-shirt. It was a Fruit-of-the-Loom t-shirt with a breast pocket. Roper stated that she recognized it because she had bought it for him. In addition, no one in the hideout house recognized the tan shirt despite positively identifying other items of clothing that Cooper had stolen.
• Roper also stated that a bloody hatchet found beside a road leading from the murder house matched Furrow's hatchet that was now missing from her garage.
• A man named Clarence Ray Allen (executed by California in 2006) previously had a disagreement with the Ryens over a horse he purchased from them. Diana Roper's boyfriend, Lee Furrow, was an employee of Allen's security company. In 1977, Furrow pled guilty to murdering in 1974, on Allen's orders as part of a burglary coverup, Mary Sue Kitts, a 17-year-old girlfriend of Allen's son. Allen was also convicted of Kitts murder. At the time of the Ryen murders, Allen had been on death row since 1982 for orchestrating from prison for Billy Ray Hamilton (died in 2007 on death row of natural causes) to murder Furrow (and seven other witnesses) to prevent him from testifying in Allen's appeal of the Kitts murder conviction. At the 2010 Gonzaga University lecture, Judge Fletcher stated, "Furrow had been released from state prison a year earlier. He had been part of a murderous gang, but had been given a short sentence in return for turning state's evidence against the leader of the gang [Clarence Ray Allen]. The leader [Allen] was sentenced to death. Furrow told friends that while he was part of the gang he killed a girl [Mary Sue Kitts], cut up her body, and thrown her body parts into the Kern River."
• Judge Fletcher related in his 2010 Gonzaga lecture that in Diana Roper's June 9 call to the Sheriff's Department she told them that when Lee Furrow had come home in the early hours of June 4 he arrived in an unfamiliar station wagon with some people who stayed in the car.
• A further investigation revealed that Lee Furrow's stepmother lived 3 miles from the Church where the victim's station wagon was ultimately found.
• According to Cooper's attorneys at least three witnesses have come forward saying that Furrow confessed to the killings and that they would be willing to testify under oath if called upon. Furrow's daughter and stepdaughter have also expressed a belief that Cooper is innocent.
• Lee Furrow himself would say on tape that he believed that Cooper's blood had been planted. He was unaware that he was being recorded when he said this.

Arguments against the alternate suspect theory

According to the Ninth Circuit, Roper's allegations “lack credibility.” Roper was abusing drugs and hallucinating the night she says she saw Furrow. She also had a motive to disparage Furrow because he left her on the night of the murders and began a sexual relationship with her childhood friend.

Furrow provided his DNA for testing. A law firm appointed by the governor of California to review the case concluded that no DNA evidence points to any person other than Kevin Cooper. However, the firm's investigation has been heavily criticized, and the expert they appointed to review the DNA made at least two statements that were scientifically false.

Post-trial DNA testing

In 2001, Cooper became the first death row inmate in California to successfully request post-conviction DNA testing of evidence. The results of those DNA tests failed to exonerate him of the 1983 murders and indicated (1) Cooper's DNA was present both at the crime scene and in the stolen station wagon, (2) hairs found on three of the victims were likely their own, and (3) no DNA belonging to other assailants was present.

Blood testing

DNA testing confirmed that Cooper's blood was at the crime scene. However, it was later found that a blood vial containing Cooper's blood possibly contained a second individual's blood; Judge Huff would block any attempt to pursue the matter during the hearings and the vial itself would later be found empty when the defense won the right to retest it in 2019. More importantly, prosecution expert Daniel Gregonis had checked out A-41 (The blood drop at the crime scene linked to Cooper) for 24 hours without informing Cooper's attorneys. While Gregonis denied opening the bindle containing A-41's pillbox, his initials and the date he checked it out were on the seal, which according to lab practice is only done when evidence is opened.

• Daniel Gregonis would also be accused of forging evidence in the case of William Richards (Richards was released from prison in 2016 and formally declared innocent in 2021; in 2022 Federal Judges ruled that Richards had a triable issue to proceed with a lawsuit).
• A bloodstain located on a T-shirt that was found beside a road some distance from the Ryen home; the shirt has several blood stains.
  • Doug Ryen was the donor of a bloodstain.
  • Cooper was the donor of blood on the t-shirt,
• Cooper's DNA was not on the hatchet, one of the murder weapons. The hatchet had blood from victims Jessica Ryen, Doug Ryen, and Chris Hughes (Peggy Ryen and Josh Ryen cannot be excluded as minor contributors).

EDTA testing

After the blood test results came back supporting Cooper's guilt he claimed that the blood had been planted and asked that the T-shirt be tested for presence of EDTA, a preservative. High levels of EDTA would show that the blood came from a vial rather than directly from Cooper. The EDTA testing was conducted by Cooper's chosen expert Dr. Ballard but failed to show elevated levels of EDTA. By Contrast, testing by Dr. Gary Suizdak (the prosecution's expert) on ten specimens found significant levels of EDTA. While Siuzdak and Dr. Terry Lee would later argue that this was because the lab was contaminated, Siuzdak refused to explain the nature of the alleged contamination, and only made the claim after the Prosecution made clear that they were displeased by the results he got. Moreover, while Judge Huff would claim that the blood stain had levels of EDTA lower than most controls on the T-shirt and “dramatically lower than the level of EDTA expected in a tampering scenario involving blood from a purple-topped tube", Judge William Fletcher pointed to DNA testing done by the state's expert Terry Lee as proof that the controls actually had DNA in them and were thus not legitimate controls at all. He also used a graph to argue that the EDTA corresponded with the DNA in most of the stains (the one exception being a stain that was not only unusually sized and shaped, but which hadn't fully tested to see how far Cooper's DNA extended into it), and accused Judge Huff of deliberately sabotaging the tests in order to deny Cooper a chance for a fair hearing.

Hair testing

According to Dr. Terry Melton, the hairs obtained from Jessica Ryen's hand were either animal hairs or human hairs that came from herself or someone maternally related to her. Other hairs selected by Cooper's expert Dr. Peter DeForest came from domestic dogs. Nevertheless, Judge Huff had also limited testing to hair without Antigen roots, essentially guaranteeing a negative result.

Cigarette testing

When Cooper's hideout was searched multiple cigarettes were not processed into evidence. Officers Craig Ogino and David Stockwell (the officers who processed the hideout) were also the officers who discovered the cigarettes later tied to Cooper in the car. One of the cigarettes (V-12) was also listed as consumed prior to the trial. According to Dr Ed Blake's notes the Cigarettes were 4 mm long and yellow in color. When the cigarettes were examined in 2001, they were white and had grown to 7 mm. Notably, when Daniel Gregonis checked out A-41 he also checked out Cooper's saliva as well as a known blood sample.

Assessment by courts, governors and independent groups

California Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of California upheld Cooper's conviction in May 1991.

Cooper was scheduled to be executed on February 10, 2004, but on February 8, 2004, a three judge panel consisting of Judges Pamela Rymer, Ronald Gould and James Browning heard Cooper's petition and rejected it by a vote of 2–1.

Judge Browning, the lone dissenter, was able to assemble enough judges to get an en banc ruling blocking the execution to allow further DNA testing. Ultimately, the US Supreme Court unanimously upheld the stay, effectively making it impossible to carry out the death warrant.

The postponement followed a campaign by various groups in the Bay Area and around the country, such as the Campaign to End the Death Penalty, the ACLU, Death Penalty Focus and The Mobilization to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal.

Denial of clemency by California Governor Schwarzenegger

On January 30, 2004, the office of Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger issued the following statement regarding his decision not to grant clemency to Kevin Cooper:

I have carefully weighed the claims presented in Kevin Cooper's plea for clemency. The state and federal courts have reviewed this case for more than 18 years. Evidence establishing his guilt is overwhelming, and his conversion to faith and his mentoring of others, while commendable, do not diminish the cruelty and destruction he has inflicted on so many. His is not a case for clemency.

On December 17, 2010, Cooper filed a second clemency petition to Governor Schwarzenegger. This petition laid out new developments in the evidence that were not known when the first one was denied in 2004. The second clemency petition also cited the conclusions and observations of twelve appellate judges of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, including the fact that blood taken from Cooper after he was arrested was contaminated with the DNA of another person, that a sheriff's deputy had lied at Cooper's trial about destruction of key evidence, and that three witnesses, never interviewed by the prosecution, had come forward with strong evidence of other possible perpetrators.

Just before Governor Schwarzenegger left office in January 2011, his office wrote a letter to Cooper's lawyer stating that the application "raises many evidentiary concerns which deserve a thorough and careful review of voluminous records." The letter further stated that since the Governor had only two weeks left in office, he had decided to leave the matter for Governor-elect Jerry Brown's determination.

U.S. Ninth Circuit Court and U.S Supreme Court deny appeals

Cooper has filed multiple appeals and applications for a writ of habeas corpus, all of which have been denied. On December 4, 2007, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied Cooper's third federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The panel concluded: "As the district court, and all state courts, have repeatedly found, evidence of Cooper's guilt was overwhelming. The tests that he asked for to show his innocence 'once and for all' show nothing of the sort." While Judge McKeown concurred, she expressed doubts about the certainty of Cooper's guilt, saying that critical evidence had been lost due to mishandling by the investigators.

On May 11, 2009, the Ninth Circuit denied Cooper's request for a rehearing en banc of the 2007 panel decision. Four judges (Fletcher, Wardlaw, Fisher, and Reinhardt) filed dissents, indicating that they disagreed with the decision. Judge Fletcher stated that there was a strong likelihood that the police tampered with the evidence and accused Judge Huff of both deliberately ignoring the Court's instructions to perform proper testing and intentionally rigging the testing in favor of the state, while Judge Wardlaw stated "as far as due process is concerned 25 years of flawed proceedings are as good as no proceedings at all." Eleven judges joined the dissents (fourteen votes were required to grant the request for a rehearing), though Judge Stephen Reinhardt hinted that the gap may have been closer. Judge Rymer, who authored the original panel decision, filed a concurrence defending both the original decision and the decision to deny an en banc hearing, arguing that Fletcher should have deferred to the AEDPA rather than questioning the integrity of the state's expert.

Cooper's petition for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court was denied on November 30, 2009.

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights recommends a review

In April 2011 Cooper filed a petition with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) alleging that his human rights had been violated in multiple respects by his prosecution, conviction and death sentence. The IACHR concluded that the United States had violated Articles I, II, XVIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. The Commission found eight instances where Cooper's due process rights had been violated, that Cooper had received ineffective assistance of trial counsel, and that there were serious questions about racial discrimination in Cooper's prosecution. The IACHR recommended that Cooper be granted "effective relief, including the review of his trial and sentence."

American Bar Association recommendation for clemency

On Saturday, March 19, 2016, the president of the American Bar Association (ABA), Paulette Brown, submitted a letter to Governor of California Jerry Brown, suggesting that Cooper be granted clemency due to claims of racial bias, police misconduct, evidence tampering and poor-quality defense counsel. "We recommend that this investigation include testing of forensic evidence still available to be analyzed to put to rest the questions that continue to plague his death sentence. This is the only course of action that can ensure that Mr. Cooper receives due process and the protection of his rights under the Constitution," Ms. Brown wrote.

New DNA testing order by California Governor Brown

In May 2018, Nicholas Kristof wrote an article in The New York Times highlighting the case, arguing that the truth could be determined by doing advanced testing on the bloodstained t-shirt, the hatchet handle and the hand towel used by the murderer and including diagrams showing both that Lee Furrow's stepmother lived close to where the victim's car was recovered and that Officer Steven Moran most likely planted evidence to frame Cooper. Soon afterward, the Attorney General of California Kamala Harris and Dianne Feinstein both publicly called for advanced DNA testing. In response, DA Michael Ramos submitted a response to Cooper's petition, calling for the petition to be refused. Ramos would also file to have Cooper executed following his failed attempt to be re-elected.

On July 3, California Governor Jerry Brown hinted that he might be willing to approve DNA testing, sending Cooper's attorneys a list of questions. On August 17, the defense submitted their response, revealing that they had managed to acquire Lee Furrow's DNA for testing. On October 6, Nick Kristof wrote a follow-up in which he reported that Lee Furrow had told him that he was now open for testing to "clear his name."

In December 2018, outgoing Gov. Brown ordered new DNA testing in the Cooper case. The testing has since been revealed; insufficient DNA was recovered from the shirt but a profile that was neither Cooper or Furrow was recovered from a hand towel taken from the victim's house. While Vial VV-2 only had Cooper's profile, it was also found drained of blood save for residue at the bottom, which was described as "unusual" by DNA experts Bicka Barlow and Marc Taylor (both of whom stated that testing in 1983 was such that only a small amount of the blood would have been used.)

Independent investigation order by California Governor Newsom

On May 28, 2021, governor Gavin Newsom signed an executive order appointing the law firm Morrison & Foerster to "launch an independent investigation of death row inmate Kevin Cooper’s case as part of the evaluation of Cooper’s application for clemency. The investigation will review trial and appellate records in the case, the facts underlying the conviction and all available evidence, including the results of the recently conducted DNA tests previously ordered by the Governor to examine additional evidence in the case using the latest, most scientifically reliable forensic testing." The investigation would ultimately reject Cooper's claim, but acknowledged that it had not fully evaluated claims of prosecutorial and law enforcement misconduct "except in instances in which they determined that they were relevant to Cooper's claim of innocence." The investigation also acknowledged that it had not evaluated claims that Cooper's trial and the verdict had been influenced by racial prejudice, and also failed to examine previously undisclosed documents. Cooper's attorneys responded the following day, arguing that the investigation was "demonstrably incomplete" and that the investigators had "failed to follow the basic steps taken by all innocence investigations that have led to so many exonerations of the wrongfully convicted."

Cooper's attorneys would release another response to the Special Counsel on October 26, 2023, claiming that the investigation had been fatally compromised by only reviewing prosecution documents that had been presented at trial despite Morrison Foerster having earlier requested all documents in the prosecution's possession. They also argued that Alan Keel (the DNA expert used by Morrison Foerster to assess the evidence) was unreliable due to having professional ties with both Daniel Gregonis (who Cooper's attorneys accused of both incompetence and actively forging evidence) and Ed Blake (who had been involved in the 2002 DNA testing and rejected the idea that tampering had occurred), alleged misconduct in the Jane Dorotik case (Dorotik was exonerated in 2022 and would later sue both Keel and Blake in June 2023), and perceived scientific errors in made in his assessment (Keel tried to guess a sample's age based on how degraded it was even though the rate of degradation depends on environmental factors like heat, light and moisture, and he was also unaware that when blood dried it created an easily transferrable powder).

On December 14, 2023, ABA President Mary Smith would write a letter to the Governor urging further investigation, arguing that the failure to examine the undisclosed documents in the state's possession made it impossible to have confidence in the accuracy of the verdict.

See also

• Capital punishment in California
• List of death row inmates in the United States

External links

• "Cooper Watch," article series by the Inland Valley Daily Bulletin
• Free Kevin Cooper: An Innocent Man on Death Row