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Saskatchewan Progress Party

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Progressive Party of Saskatchewan.
Saskatchewan Progress Party
AbbreviationSPP
LeaderTeunis Peters (interim)
PresidentVacant
Founded1905
Preceded byLiberal Party of Saskatchewan (1905–2023)
HeadquartersPO Box 825 Regina, SK S4P 3B1[1]
IdeologyLiberalism
Political positionCentre
National affiliationLiberal Party of Canada (until 2009)
Colours
  •   Blue
  •   Yellow
  •   Red
Seats in Legislature
0 / 61
Website
saskprogress.com

The Saskatchewan Progress Party (SPP) is a liberal political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It was founded in 1905 as the Liberal Party of Saskatchewan, and retained that name until members voted to change it in 2023. Until 2009, the party was affiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada.

The Liberals were a dominant force in Saskatchewan politics during the first half of the twentieth century, forming government for all but five years between 1905 and 1944. With the emergence of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) under Tommy Douglas' leadership, the Liberals spent the following two decades in Opposition before forming two more majority governments from 1964 to 1971. However, the party lost influence in the latter stages of the twentieth century. Although it reached Opposition status again in the mid-1990s, even that term was disrupted when much of the caucus abandoned the party to form the new Saskatchewan Party in 1997. The 1999 election marked the last time any Liberals were elected to the Legislature.

History

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Liberal leader Walter Scott was Saskatchewan's first Premier, holding the role from 1905 to 1916.

Early history (1905–1944)

[edit]

Political dominance (1905–1929)

[edit]

The Liberal Party dominated Saskatchewan politics from the province's earliest days. Saskatchewan entered Confederation in September 1905 alongside neighbouring Alberta. Both provinces were carved out of the Northwest Territories; territorial premier Frederick Haultain had advocated for the creation of one large western province called Buffalo, but Wilfrid Laurier's federal Liberal government opted to create two provinces instead, wary of the potential strength of a province the size of Buffalo.[2] Haultain responded by seeking the premiership of Saskatchewan under the banner of his Provincial Rights Party, but Saskatchewan voters opted in 1905 for the provincial Liberal Party under the leadership of Walter Scott.[3] This marked the beginning of a long Liberal dynasty in the new Prairie province—the party provided six of the province's first seven premiers.

With the Liberals a strong force at the federal level, Saskatchewan voters appear to have preferred a provincial government that had influence at the national level, and there was crossover with Liberal premiers like Charles Dunning and Jimmy Gardiner moving on to key federal cabinet positions.[4] As a consequence, the provincial Liberals presided over the province at a time of tremendous growth as a rapidly expanding population driven by immigration—the province became the third most populous in the country after Ontario and Quebec—established a large agricultural economy.[5]

One of the keys to Liberal success was their close relationship with immigrant communities and especially with the largest farmers' lobby in the province, the Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association.[6] While United Farmer governments took power in both Alberta and Manitoba during the 1920s, and while the agrarian Progressive Party performed well in Saskatchewan at the federal level, the direct entry of farmers into provincial politics was fended off for longer in Saskatchewan by Liberal leadership attuned to farmers' organizations. Early Liberal premiers were even known to invite key agrarian organizers to the cabinet table.[7]

The Liberals also stood against a rising tide of nativist sentiment in the province in the 1920s. While the Ku Klux Klan gained a foothold in the province—the organization had 25,000 members in Saskatchewan by 1929—and fomented discriminatory attitudes towards French, Catholic, and Eastern European settlers, Premier Gardiner defended his government's immigration policies and called the Klan both a foreign entity and a tool of the provincial Conservative Party.[7][8] The Conservatives were reported to have aided Klan organization by supplying it with membership lists, and the party itself developed a nativist platform in the late 1920s, promising to protect British, Anglo-Saxon values.[9] The Liberals were also heavily criticized for years of blatant patronage, which helped to move farmers closer to greater political participation and, more immediately, solidified a strong anti-Liberal bloc in the province. In the 1929 election, although the Liberals managed to win the most seats with 28, they fell short of a majority for the first time. They proved unable to gain the confidence of the Legislature, resulting in a coalition government under Conservative premier James T.M. Anderson—his party won 24 seats, and gained the support of the handful of Progressive and Independent members to form a coalition that they termed the "Co-operative" government.[7]

Jimmy Gardiner served two stints as Premier.

Opposition and return to power (1929–1944)

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Anderson's government took power at the outset of the Great Depression, which proved to be especially severe for the Prairie provinces and which provided the Liberals with ample opportunity to criticize the government's inability to contend with the crisis. In 1932, Anderson even invited Gardiner's Liberals into his coalition, but Gardiner refused.[10] At the same time, a new political party was gaining momentum in the province. In 1932, farmers with United Farmers of Canada voted to formally enter politics, and after a merger with the Independent Labour Party did so under the banner of Farmer-Labour; the new party became a founding member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) that same year.[11] The party was explicitly socialist, rapidly changing the dynamics of provincial politics.

Gardiner and the Liberals were able to return to power in 1934; the Conservatives failed to return a single member, and Farmer-Labour became the Official Opposition with five members to the Liberals' fifty. After the election, Farmer-Labour officially adopted the CCF party name. Almost immediately, Gardiner had to contend with the passage through Saskatchewan of the On-to-Ottawa Trek, a 1935 convoy meant to take the concerns of unemployed workers directly to the federal government. Prime Minister R.B. Bennett declared that the trekkers would not proceed past Regina, which acted as the headquarters to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Gardiner protested, predicting a riot.[12] He was proven correct on July 1 1935, when the Regina Riot led to two deaths and hundreds of injuries.[13]

The Liberals held on to their majority in the 1938 election, but they lost twelve seats as the Depression continued and the CCF gained further momentum. Although the Second World War began to relieve Depression conditions, by 1944 the CCF, under new leader Tommy Douglas, appeared poised to take power.

Varying fortunes (1944–1978)

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Opposition to the CCF (1944–1964)

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In the 1944 election, Saskatchewan elected the first democratic socialist government in North America under Douglas' CCF. The Liberals were soundly beaten, dropping to only five seats. CCF organizing had effectively captured the Liberals' traditional base, with farmers and immigrant settlers largely moving to the new party.[14] The CCF's 1944 win marked the beginning of twenty years in government over five successive majorities. In Opposition, the Liberals became a vehemently anti-socialist party, persistently railing against the CCF government's interventions in the economy and presenting themselves as a free-market alternative. The Liberals staked the 1948 election on the slogan "Tucker or tyranny", referencing leader Walter Tucker.[15] The CCF was re-elected to a reduced majority. In 1957, future party leader Ross Thatcher famously held a televised debate against Douglas in Mossbank on the topic of the province's crown corporations. Accounts tended to label the debate a draw, which was considered an achievement against the formidable Douglas.[16] All the while, the CCF focused intently on building a modern welfare state.

The biggest battle between the two parties occurred over the introduction of universal health care in the early 1960s. The CCF effectively pitched the 1960 election as a referendum on the issue, and were re-elected to their fifth majority. However, the Liberals under Thatcher came firmly to the support of the province's organized medical profession, which was adamantly opposed to the scheme. Douglas resigned his post in the middle of this battle in 1961 to take on the leadership of the federal New Democratic Party (NDP), and a 1962 doctors' strike threatened to put an end to the plan. However, the strike was resolved and medicare was introduced in 1962, soon to be expanded nationwide.[17]

Thatcher government (1964–1971)

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With the province divided over the bitter medicare debate, Thatcher was able to lead the Liberals back to a majority government in the 1964 election, although the popular vote was a virtual tie. Thatcher—who had begun his own career as a member of the CCF—promised to open Saskatchewan for business and to dramatically scale back the government's involvement in the economy. His biggest success came in the potash sector; while the industry got off the ground under the CCF, it expanded rapidly in the latter half of the 1960s, so much so that Thatcher ultimately negotiated a minimum price and production cap with American producers.[18] Although Thatcher had opposed the implementation of medicare, his government proved unable to reverse it with the program being rolled out across the country; Thatcher's government did, however, controversially introduce limited user fees for medical services.[19]

Thatcher focused on downsizing the civil service, which was greatly expanded by the CCF. During the Thatcher years, many veteran Saskatchewan civil servants found themselves migrating to other provinces or to Lester Pearson's federal government—which focused largely on expanding the federal welfare state—and these migrants became known in government circles as the "Saskatchewan Mafia".[20][21]

Thatcher called an early election in 1967 and won another majority. However, after the election Thatcher embraced a program of austerity, reducing spending and introducing medicare fees, which became derided as "deterrence fees".[19] A downturn in the provincial economy further eroded the government's popularity. In a 1971 election that the Liberals framed as a choice between capitalism and socialism, the Liberals were soundly beaten by a resurgent CCF—now called the NDP—under the leadership of Allan Blakeney, who promised a return to the CCF approach of economic planning. Thatcher died suddenly just three weeks after the election, leaving the Opposition leaderless for most of the rest of the year.[19] In 1975, the Liberals were able to hold on to their fifteen seats and remain the Opposition, but for the first time in more than forty years, the Conservatives—now the Progressive Conservatives (PCs)—won multiple seats.

Political wilderness (1978–1995)

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The resurgence of the PCs under Dick Collver's leadership sapped support from the Liberals, and in the 1978 election, for the first time in their history, the Liberals failed to win a single seat, dropping to less than 15% support.[22] The result was even worse in 1982; while the PCs surged to power under Grant Devine, Liberals won less than five percent of the vote. Leader Ralph Goodale was able to return the party to the Legislature with his single seat in the 1986 election, a feat repeated by new leader Lynda Haverstock in the 1991 election. But for the better part of two decades the Liberals were largely on the outside of provincial politics. In addition to the PCs staking out a position on the right side of the political spectrum, space the Liberals had taken up firmly since the 1940s, this was exacerbated by the growing unpopularity of the federal Liberal Party in the province; the party's unpopular resource policies in the 1970s and early 1980s gave rise to a wave of powerful western alienation sentiment and damaged the Liberal brand. Moreover, Saskatchewan politics had become increasingly divided between perceived urban and rural issues, and the Liberal brand was particularly unpopular in rural areas.[23]

Ahead of the 1995 election, the Liberals appeared poised to take advantage of a scandal-ridden Progressive Conservative Party badly damaged by an expense fraud scandal.[24] For the first time since the 1970s, the Liberals returned to Official Opposition status. However, the party's eleven seats to the NDP's forty two were seen as a disappointment.

Dissent and decline (1995–2003)

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Dissatisfaction within the Liberal caucus led to Haverstock's resignation as party leader shortly after the election. Jim Melenchuk was selected to replace Haverstock, but internal strife continued. Several of the more conservative members of the Liberal caucus were in discussion with PC members about joining forces and forming a new party. Then, in August 1997, four Liberal members—Bob Bjornerud, June Draude, Rod Gantefoer, and Ken Krawetz—joined four PC members in announcing the founding of the Saskatchewan Party. With eight members, the new party took Official Opposition status away from the Liberals.[25]

In the wake of the defections, remaining Liberals tended to put into question how much the new party was a Liberal-Conservative coalition, suggesting that the Liberals who joined the new party were right-wingers resisting a move towards the centre that much of the Liberal Party felt was necessary. Like the NDP under leader Roy Romanow, the Liberals characterized the Saskatchewan Party as merely a re-branded PC Party.[26]

In the 1999 election, the NDP were reduced to 29 seats, one shy of a majority, while the Saskatchewan Party surged to 25 seats, almost exclusively rural. The Liberals' four seats gave them the balance of power, and Melenchuk agreed to enter into a coalition government with Romanow along with fellow Liberals Ron Osika and Jack Hillson. While Melenchuk hoped that the move would allow the Liberals to regain some influence, he found the Romanow government itself was quite centrist.[23] The coalition also divided the party again; Melenchuk was removed as leader—he and coalition partner Osika would contest the 2003 election as NDP members—and was replaced by David Karwacki when he defeated Hillson, who himself had withdrawn from the coalition. Karwacki ordered Melenchuk and Osika to withdraw the coalition, but they refused.

Recent history (2003–present)

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Party logo used c. 2009–2022.

Karwacki saw an opportunity to become the more left-wing alternative to the Saskatchewan Party. However, he took over a party that had lost much of its membership and financial backing.[23] The party was shut out of the Legislature in both the 2003 and 2007 elections as the province returned to a two-party system now dominated by the NDP and the Saskatchewan Party;[24] Liberal support dropped from over 20% in 1999 to below 10% in 2007. The losses sparked discussion of Karwacki's future as leader.[27] He resigned before the end of 2007, with party president Frank Proto taking over on an interim basis.[28][29] This marked the beginning of an accelerated period of decline in which the party continued to lose support at the polls. Ryan Bater was introduced as the new Liberal leader in February 2009; at the same time, the party voted to disaffiliate itself from the federal Liberal Party, ending an affiliation that dated back more than a century. This did not change the party's fortunes; in the 2011 election, the Liberals ran only nine candidates and support fell to below one percent, with the Green Party surpassing the Liberals in popular support. Bater resigned as leader on January 31, 2012, and Greg Gallager was appointed interim leader.[30][31] In 2013, Reid Hill was set to be acclaimed the party's new leader as the only declared candidate. However, he decided not to take the position, stating that he had hoped for a competitive race to revive public interest in the party, rather than simply being handed the leadership due to lack of interest.[32] Darrin Lamoureux was appointed interim leader on December 16, 2013, and was acclaimed the leader on August 21, 2014, when no other candidates ran for the position.[33]

The party managed to field a full slate of 61 candidates for the 2016 general election, and they finished third among parties with 3.6% support. However, they were once again shut out of the Legislature.[34] Lamoureux resigned as party leader on September 9, 2017, and Tara Jijian was appointed interim leader.[35] Former NDP candidate Naveed Anwar was acclaimed as party leader on May 5, 2018.[36] However, Anwar resigned as leader on September 9, 2020, just weeks before the 2020 election.[37] The party had again been set back by in-fighting, with Anwar and the executive at odds over election candidates and the state of the party.[23] Robert Rudachyk was appointed as the party's interim leader for the election.[38] Running only three candidates, the party received just 355 votes, marking the worst performance in party history.[23]

Saskatchewan Progress Party

[edit]
Jeff Walters led the party from 2021 to 2023 and led re-branding of the party to the Saskatchewan Progress Party.

Following the 2020 provincial election, the party set about looking for a new permanent leader. In 2021, members unanimously acclaimed University of Regina lecturer Jeff Walters as the new leader.[39] Walters emphasized the need in the province for a centrist alternative to the main parties, as well as the distinction of his 'prairie Liberalism' from that of the federal Liberals.[40] Walters worked to increase his party's visibility in challenging the Saskatchewan Party on its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. On February 5, 2022, Walters organized a rally in front of the Legislature to oppose the end of COVID-19 mandates.[41] Walters also launched "Accountability Saskatchewan", collecting signatures to trigger a plebiscite on a public inquiry into the government's handling of the pandemic.[42] The petition was initially available only online, provoking an official ruling from Elections Saskatchewan affirming the validity of electronic signatures for this purpose in Saskatchewan.[43]

In March 2023, party members voted to change the party name in order to distance themselves from the non-affiliated federal Liberals.[44] In July 2023, the party announced its rebranding as the Saskatchewan Progress Party. Walters stated that the new name was intended to "portray ourselves as visionaries", and that the party hoped to be a "post-partisan or post-ideological party".[45] He stated an intention to focus on finance reform, government accountability, and 'green' energy.[45]

In September 2023, Walters announced his resignation as leader and his intent to step away from politics.[46] He remained on as interim leader of the party until the scheduled leadership election in November 2023.[47][48] After the scheduled election failed to produce a new party leader, Nathan Bruce was listed as the interim leader in December 2023.[49] In January 2024, Teunis Peters was listed as the party's new interim leader.[50][51] None of those changes improved party fortunes; the party again nominated only three candidates ahead of the 2024 provincial election, and received only a few hundred votes for the second consecutive election, by far the fewest among registered parties.[52]

Ideology

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The Saskatchewan Progress Party has undergone a number of ideological shifts over its history, often responding to political developments around it. For the first several decades of the party's existence, the Saskatchewan Liberals were relatively closely aligned with the Canadian liberalism espoused by the federal Liberal Party.[53] Liberal Prime Minister Mackenzie King even successfully represented the Saskatchewan district of Prince Albert in Parliament from 1926 to 1946. However, the emergence of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation as a political force in the province led to a rightward shift for the Liberals, as they began fighting elections as an explicitly free-enterprise and anti-socialist party.[54]

The re-emergence of the Progressive Conservative Party in the 1970s forced another re-evaluation for the Liberals. By the 1990s, the party was attempting a more centrist approach between those of the PCs and the NDP; however, the Liberal caucus itself proved divided between left- and right-leaning members, leading to a split that helped create the Saskatchewan Party.[23] However, another major factor in Liberal party fortunes has been a continued association with the federal Liberals, even after they disaffiliated in 2009. This has been seen as a particularly difficult for the party since the 1970s, when federal Liberal policies inflamed expressions of western alienation.[23][55]

In recent years, the party has emphasized itself as a centrist party. However, political observers have noted that early in the twenty-first century, Saskatchewan parties had "crowded towards... the ideological centre", while more recent years have been marked by political polarization.[56][57] The party's most recent permanent leader, Jeff Walters, suggested that the re-branded Saskatchewan Progress Party strove to become "post-ideological", emphasizing the need to pursue policy that "gives the greatest good to the greatest number of people".[45]

Party leaders

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† Denotes vacant or acting/interim leader

# Party Leader Highest Position Tenure Notes
1 Walter Scott Premier August 16, 1905 – October 20, 1916 First Premier of the province of Saskatchewan
2 William Martin Premier October 20, 1916 – April 5, 1922
3 Charles Dunning Premier April 5, 1922 – February 26, 1926
4 Jimmy Gardiner Premier February 26, 1926 – October 31, 1935 Leader of the Opposition from 1929 to 1934
5 William John Patterson Premier October 31, 1935 – August 6, 1946 Leader of the Opposition from 1944 to 1946
6 Walter Tucker Leader of the Opposition August 6, 1946 – November 26, 1954
7 Alexander H. McDonald Leader of the Opposition November 26, 1954 – September 24, 1959
8 Ross Thatcher Premier September 24, 1959 – July 22, 1971 Last Liberal to serve as Premier
9 David Steuart Leader of the Opposition December 11, 1971 – December 11, 1976 Served as House Leader from July 22, 1971 to December 11, 1971
10 Ted Malone Leader of the Opposition December 11, 1976 – June 13, 1981
11 Ralph Goodale Party leader June 13, 1981 – October 7, 1988 Resigned in 1988 to run for federal Liberals; elected MP in 1993
† Vacant — October 7, 1988 - April 2, 1989 Jack Wiebe served as party president
12 Lynda Haverstock Leader of the Opposition April 2, 1989 – November 12, 1995 Became 19th Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan in 2000
† Ron Osika Leader of the Opposition November 12, 1995 - November 24, 1996 Interim leader
13 Jim Melenchuk Party leader November 24, 1996 – October 27, 2001 As Melenchuk did not hold a seat in the Legislature until 1999, Ken Krawetz served as Opposition leader
14 David Karwacki Party leader October 27, 2001 – December 21, 2007
† Frank Proto Party leader December 21, 2007 – February 21, 2009 Interim leader
15 Ryan Bater Party leader February 21, 2009 – March 12, 2012
† Greg Gallagher Party leader March 12, 2012 – December 16, 2013 Interim leader
16 Darrin Lamoureux Party leader December 16, 2013 – September 9, 2017 Was interim leader from December 16, 2013 to August 21, 2014
† Tara Jijian Party leader September 24, 2017 – May 5, 2018 Interim leader
17 Naveed Anwar Party leader May 5, 2018 – September 9, 2020
† Robert Rudachyk Party leader September 28, 2020 – October 16, 2021 Interim leader
18 Jeff Walters Party leader October 16, 2021 – November 18, 2023 Led re-naming of party to SPP
Was interim leader from September 29, 2023 to November 18, 2023
† Nathan Bruce Party leader December 18, 2023 – January 15, 2024 Interim leader
† Teunis Peters Party leader January 15, 2024 – present Interim leader

Election results

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Final party logo under the Liberal Party brand c. 2022–2023.
Election Leader # of seats Change Place Votes % Legislative role Notes
1905 Walter Scott
16 / 25
 Increase16 Increase 1st 17,812 52.3% Majority
1908
27 / 41
 Increase11 Steady 1st 29,807 50.8% Majority
1912
45 / 53
 Increase18 Steady 1st 50,004 57.0% Majority
1917 William Martin
51 / 62
 Increase6 Steady 1st 106,552 56.7% Majority
1921
45 / 63
 Decrease6 Steady 1st 92,983 51.4% Majority
1925 Charles Dunning
50 / 63
 Increase2 Steady 1st 127,751 51.5% Majority
1929 James Gardiner
28 / 63
 Decrease22 Steady 1st 164,487 45.6% Minority
Opposition[a] Conservative-Progressive coalition
1934
50 / 55
 Increase22 Steady 1st 206,212 48.0% Majority
1938 William Patterson
38 / 52
 Decrease12 Steady 1st 200,334 45.5% Majority
1944
5 / 52
 Decrease33 Decrease 2nd 140,901 35.4% Opposition CCF majority
1948 Walter Tucker
19 / 52
 Increase14 Steady 2nd 152,400 30.6% Opposition
1952
11 / 53
 Decrease8 Steady 2nd 211,882 39.3% Opposition
1956 Alexander McDonald
14 / 53
 Increase3 Steady 2nd 167,427 30.3% Opposition
1960 Ross Thatcher
17 / 54
 Increase3 Steady 2nd 221,932 32.7% Opposition
1964
32 / 59
 Increase15 Increase 1st 269,402 40.4% Majority
1967
35 / 59
 Increase3 Steady 1st 193,871 45.6% Majority
1971
15 / 60
 Decrease20 Decrease 2nd 193,864 42.8% Opposition NDP majority
1975 David Steuart
15 / 61
 Steady Steady 2nd 142,853 31.7% Opposition
1978 Ted Malone
0 / 61
 Decrease15 Decrease 3rd 65,498 13.8% No seats
1982 Ralph Goodale
0 / 64
 Steady Steady 3rd 24,134 4.5% No seats PC majority
1986
1 / 64
 Increase1 Steady 3rd 54,739 10.0% Third party
1991 Lynda Haverstock
1 / 66
 Steady Steady 3rd 125,814 23.3% Third party NDP majority
1995
11 / 58
 Increase10 Increase 2nd 141,873 34.7% Opposition
Third party[b]
1999 Jim Melenchuk
4 / 58
 Decrease7 Decrease 3rd 81,694 20.2% Third party[c] NDP minority
2003 David Karwacki
0 / 58
 Decrease4 Steady 3rd 60,601 14.2% No seats NDP majority
2007
0 / 58
 Steady Steady 3rd 42,585 9.4% No seats Sask Party majority
2011 Ryan Bater
0 / 58
 Steady Decrease 4th 2,237 0.6% No seats
2016 Darrin Lamoureux
0 / 61
 Steady Increase 3rd 15,568 3.6% No seats
2020 Robert Rudachyk
0 / 61
 Steady Decrease 6th 355 0.1% No seats
Changed name from Saskatchewan Liberal Party to Saskatchewan Progress Party in 2023.
2024 Teunis Peters
0 / 61
 Steady Decrease 7th 536 0.2% No seats Sask Party majority

Notes

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a The Liberals secured the most seats in 1929, but they were short of a majority and failed to secure the confidence of the Legislature. This enabled a coalition government to form and made the Liberals the Official Opposition.
b The Liberals began this Legislature as the Opposition. However, four Liberal MLAs left the party in 1997 to help form the Saskatchewan Party, which immediately surpassed the Liberals in size and took over as the Opposition.
c Although initial reports had the Liberals winning four seats, the result in Wood River was ultimately overturned by the courts and the ensuing by-election was won by the Saskatchewan Party candidate, leaving the Liberals with three seats.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Registered Political Parties" (PDF). Elections Saskatchewan. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  2. ^ Eneas, Bryan (2019-09-20). "Disenfranchisement and disappointment: Idea of western Canadian separation has deep roots in Prairies". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-09-22. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  3. ^ Waiser, Bill (2005). Saskatchewan: A New History. Calgary: Fifth House. pp. 83–84. ISBN 9781894856492.
  4. ^ "A list of Saskatchewan premiers". Global News. 2011-11-07. Archived from the original on 2023-11-07. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  5. ^ Haverstock, Lynda (2001). "The Saskatchewan Liberal Party". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Into the Twenty-First Century. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. p. 201. ISBN 0-88977-131-6.
  6. ^ Conway, John F. (2014). The Rise of the New West: The History of a Region in Confederation (4th ed.). Toronto: James Lorimer & Co. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-4594-0624-7.
  7. ^ a b c Waiser. Saskatchewan. p. 252.
  8. ^ Kyba, Patrick. "Ku Klux Klan". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2016-01-19. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  9. ^ Conway. Rise of the New West. p. 116.
  10. ^ Waiser. Saskatchewan. p. 306.
  11. ^ Warnock, John W. (2004). Saskatchewan: The Roots of Discontent and Protest. Montreal: Black Rose Books. pp. 340–341. ISBN 1-55164-244-1.
  12. ^ Waiser, Bill (2003). All Hell Can't Stop Us: The On-to-Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot. Calgary: Fifth House. p. 81. ISBN 1-894004-88-4.
  13. ^ Waiser. All Hell Can't Stop Us. pp. 206–212.
  14. ^ Warnock. Roots of Discontent and Protest. p. 343.
  15. ^ Waiser. Saskatchewan. p. 350.
  16. ^ "Political History — The Debate of the Century". Town of Mossbank. Archived from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  17. ^ "Medicare: A People's Issue — 1960–1962". Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  18. ^ Waiser. Saskatchewan. p. 401.
  19. ^ a b c Quiring, Brett. "Thatcher, Wilbur Ross". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  20. ^ Marchildon, Gregory P. "Saskatchewan Mafia". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  21. ^ Pasolli, Lisa (2009). "Bureaucratizing the Atlantic Revolution: The 'Saskatchewan Mafia' in the New Brunswick Civil Service, 1960-1970". Acadiensis. 38 (1) – via University of New Brunswick.
  22. ^ Quiring, Brett. "Collver, Richard Lee". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g White-Crummey, Arthur (2020-12-05). "From Power to Pitiful: An autopsy of the Saskatchewan Liberals". Saskatoon StarPhoenix. Archived from the original on 2020-12-06. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  24. ^ a b O'Fee, Kevin (2008). "Saskatchewan's Political Party Systems and the Development of Third Party Politics". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Crowding the Centre. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. pp. 192–193. ISBN 9780889772342.
  25. ^ Blake, Raymond (2008). "The Saskatchewan Party and the Politics of Branding". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Crowding the Centre. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. p. 169. ISBN 9780889772342.
  26. ^ Wishlow, Kevin (2001). "Rethinking the Polarization Thesis: The Formation and Growth of the Saskatchewan Party, 1997–2001". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Into the Twenty-First Century. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. pp. 171–172. ISBN 0-88977-131-6.
  27. ^ "Experts say it's time for a change". The Leader-Post. 2007-11-09. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 – via canada.com.
  28. ^ "Saskatchewan Liberal leader quits". The Globe and Mail. 2007-12-19. Archived from the original on 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  29. ^ "Former Sask. Liberal leader apologizes". CBC News. 2008-06-23. Archived from the original on 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  30. ^ "Sask. Liberal leader resigns". CBC News. 2012-01-31. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12.
  31. ^ "Sask. Liberals name interim party leader". CBC News. The Canadian Press. 2012-03-12. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12.
  32. ^ Couture, Joe (2013-10-24). "Hill won't be Sask. Liberal leader". The Star-Phoenix. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17 – via canada.com.
  33. ^ "Darrin Lamoureux acclaimed as new Saskatchewan Liberal leader". CBC News. The Canadian Press. 2014-08-21. Archived from the original on 2014-12-31.
  34. ^ Grenier, Éric (2016-04-06). "Brad Wall's victory cements his place at centre of conservative movement". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08.
  35. ^ Sarah, Komadina (2017-09-24). "New interim leader appointed to Saskatchewan Liberal Party". Global News. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
  36. ^ "Naveed Anwar announced as new face of Sask. Liberal Party". CTV News Saskatoon. 2018-05-05. Archived from the original on 2018-05-06. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  37. ^ Tank, Phil (2020-09-16). "Saskatchewan Liberal leader resigns two months ahead of election". Saskatoon Star Phoenix. Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  38. ^ White-Crummey, Arthur (2020-09-28). "Sask. Liberals name Robert Rudachyk as interim leader". Regina Leader Post. Archived from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  39. ^ Kurz, Larissa (2021-10-26). "Regina Northeast candidate Jeff Walters appointed leader of Sask. Liberals". SaskToday. Archived from the original on 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
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