Jump to content

Canarsie, Brooklyn

Coordinates: 40°38′24″N 73°54′07″W / 40.640°N 73.902°W / 40.640; -73.902
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Canarsie
Rockaway Parkway in Canarsie
Rockaway Parkway in Canarsie
Nickname: 
The Flossy[1]
Map
Location in New York City
Coordinates: 40°38′24″N 73°54′07″W / 40.640°N 73.902°W / 40.640; -73.902
Country United States
State New York
CityNew York City
BoroughBrooklyn
Community DistrictBrooklyn 18[2]
Area
 • Total7.51 km2 (2.898 sq mi)
Population
 • Total83,693
 • Density11,000/km2 (29,000/sq mi)
Economics
 • Median per capita income$39,768
ZIP Code
11236
Area code718, 347, 929, and 917

Canarsie (/kəˈnɑːrsi/ kə-NAR-see) is a mostly residential neighborhood in the southeastern portion of Brooklyn, New York City. Canarsie is bordered on the east by Fresh Creek Basin, East 108th Street, and Louisiana Avenue; on the north by Linden Boulevard; on the west by Ralph Avenue; on the southwest by Paerdegat Basin; and on the south by Jamaica Bay. It is adjacent to the neighborhoods of East Flatbush to the west, Flatlands and Bergen Beach to the southwest, Starrett City to the east, East New York to the northeast, and Brownsville to the north.

The area near Canarsie was originally settled by the Canarse Native Americans. The community's name is adapted from a Lenape word meaning "fenced area". After European settlement, Canarsie was initially a fishing community, but became a popular summer resort in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By the late 1930s and early 1940, the resorts had been destroyed, and Canarsie was developed as a largely Italian American and Jewish suburb. In the 1970s, racial tensions developed around an argument over the zoning of the area's schools, and in the aftermath, Canarsie became a mainly black neighborhood with a high West Indian population in the late 1990s.

Canarsie is part of Brooklyn Community District 18[2] and its primary ZIP Code is 11236. It is patrolled by the 69th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.[5] Fire services are provided by the New York City Fire Department's Engine Co. 257/Ladder Co. 170/Battalion 58. Politically it is represented by the New York City Council's 42nd and 46th Districts.[6]

Etymology

[edit]

"Canarsie" is an adaptation to English phonology of a word in the Lenape language for "fenced land" or "fort".[7]: 32  Europeans would often refer to the indigenous people living in an area by the local place-name, though it is unclear whether the "Canarsie" name originally referred to their entire ancestral land, or whether it merely referred to a single "fenced village".[7]: 32–33  References may be found in contemporary documents to "Canarsie Indians"[8]: 19  (alternatively "Canarsee"[9][10]). Their name has also been transcribed as "Connarie See" (a name for Jamaica Bay), "Conorasset", "Canarisse", "Canaryssen", "Canause", "Canarisea", and "Kanarsingh".[7]: 32  The village itself was referred to as "Keskachauge" or "Kestateuw", alternatively transcribed as "Castateuw".[7]: 35 [11] After European settlement, the area became variously known as "Flatlands Neck", "Vischers Hook", and "Great Neck".[12]: 9 

"By way of Canarsie" became a mid-twentieth century American English figure of speech meaning "to come to one's destination by a roundabout way or from a distant point." The expression has dropped from modern common parlance.[13]

Canarsie was described as "the butt of vaudeville jokes" in the 1939 WPA Guide to New York City.[14] A New York Times article in 1955 characterized Canarsie as a former "lame vaudeville gag".[15] By the 2010s, "The Flossy" was also being used as a local nickname for Canarsie.[1][16]

Geography

[edit]

Canarsie is bordered on the east by Fresh Creek Basin and either East 108 Street or Williams Avenue; on the north by either Linden Boulevard or the Bay Ridge Branch; on the west by Ralph Avenue; on the southwest by Paerdegat Basin; and on the southeast by Belt Parkway and Jamaica Bay.[17][18] It is adjacent to the neighborhoods of East Flatbush on the northwest, Flatlands on the west, Bergen Beach on the southwest, Brownsville on the north, and Spring Creek on the northeast.[18]

Prior to European settlement, Canarsie featured the only large swath of uplands along the Jamaica Bay coast within the town of Flatlands. The islands in the bay, such as Bergen, Mill, and Barren islands, mostly featured marshy land with small pieces of uplands.[12]: 10  In the 19th century, a few ports along the coast were built for limited industrial use. The coast was more significantly modified in the early 20th century, when more than 1 mile (1.6 km) of shoreline was filled in with a bulkhead.[12]: 47 

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

The coastal lands around Jamaica Bay, including present-day Canarsie, were originally settled by the Canarsie Indians.[12]: 4  The present-day neighborhood of Canarsie was one of the Canarsie tribe's main villages.[19]: 148  They probably lived near the intersection of present-day Seaview and Remsen Avenues.[10] Cornfields grew from the shore to as far inland as Avenue J, and were centered around East 92nd Street.[12]: 6 [20]: 2  The Canarsie Indians grew cornfields on three flats within the area.[21]: 9  As late as the 1930s, "immense shell heaps" could be found at the site.[12]: 6 [19]: 148  These shells might have served as planting fields.[12]: 8 

In 1624, the Dutch Republic incorporated much of the current New York City area into the colony of New Netherland.[12]: 4  In 1636, as the Dutch was expanding outward from present-day Manhattan, Dutch settlers founded the town of Achtervelt (later Amersfoort, then Flatlands) and purchased 15,000 acres (6,100 ha) around Jamaica Bay. Amersfoort was centered around the present-day intersection of Flatbush Avenue and Flatlands Avenue.[12]: 9  Canarsie Indian leaders such as Penhawitz had signed three land agreements with Dutch settlers between 1636 and 1667, handing ownership of much of their historic land to the Dutch. Many of the tribe's members started moving away, and Dutch settlers rented the cornfields that had formerly belonged to the Indians.[12]: 7  Much of the remaining land was located in the present-day neighborhood of Canarsie.[7]: 33  The first European settler in the area was Pieter Claesen Wyckoff, a former indentured servant who built a house in Flatlands circa 1652.[22][23] Wyckoff's house still stands along Clarendon Road, and it is believed to be the oldest structure in New York State.[23]

In 1660, present-day Canarsie Point was given the name Vischers Hook ("fishers' hook"). The name referred to Hoorn, a Dutch fisherman who had built a house at that location.[12]: 21 [24] At the time, a group of islands extended into Jamaica Bay south of Canarsie, up to and including Barren Island.[12]: 10 

The Indians still managed the land at Canarsie until the English took over New Amsterdam.[12]: 10  In 1665, Canarsie Indians signed a land agreement that gave total ownership of almost all their land to the Dutch.[12]: 7 [20]: 4  By the time the land agreement was signed, only three Native American families remained in the area.[12]: 7–8  In 1670, Daniel Denton, a co-founder of the nearby town of Jamaica, wrote: "It is to be admired how strangely they have decreast by the Hand of God [...] for since my time, when there were six towns, they are reduced to two small villages."[25] Through 1684, the Dutch and the Native Americans had signed twenty-two deeds regarding the sale of different plots of land in Flatlands.[9] By the beginning of the 18th century, the only Canarsie Indians living in the New York City area were a few small groups in the town of Canarsie, as well as at Gerritsen Beach and Staten Island.[9] At this time, their ancestral land in Canarsie had been fragmented and sold off to different settlers. Some plots were subsequently merged to create large plantation-style farms.[12]: 10  An observer noted in 1832 that "the Canarsie Indians are at this time totally extinct; not a single member of that ill-fated race is in existence".[8]: 19  However, a few members still remained, albeit via mixed lineage. Joel Skidmore, the last member of the tribe through his mother's side, was a tax collector from the town of Flatlands[22] who lived in Canarsie until he died in 1907.[10]

Map of Flatlands in 1873, which included Canarsie (at top right) but excluded the Fresh Creek shore

The towns of Flatbush and Flatlands laid competing claims to the western shore of Fresh Creek, within present-day Canarsie. A 1685 confirmation of Flatlands' boundaries did not recognize this small patch of land; instead, this land was classified as part of New Lots, then a subdivision of Flatbush. This dispute continued into the 19th century, as seen by maps from 1797 and 1873.[12]: 10  Through this time, Canarsie remained sparsely populated. In an 1852 map, Jeremiah Schenck and James Schenck were listed as the only two landowners at Canarsie Point. They each owned 50 acres (20 ha) of land. The only road in the area was what would later be Rockaway Parkway.[12]: 11 [26] The only way to Canarsie was by taking a train to Jamaica and transferring to a stagecoach, where passengers would endure a "long and uncomfortable ride" through the marshy woodlands that the road winded through.[12]: 43 

Seaside resort

[edit]

The Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad, which opened on October 21, 1865,[27]: 101  offered train service from the Long Island Rail Road at the East New York station to a pier at Canarsie Landing, very close to the current junction of Rockaway Parkway and the Belt Parkway.[28]: 864  The railroad built a pier extending into Jamaica Bay, which was used for lumber deliveries and was later enlarged.[12]: 47  Less than a year later, in summer 1866, the railroad started operating a ferry to Rockaway Beach, marking the start of the area's transformation into a summer beach resort.[12]: 43  That year, there were ten daily round trips along the Canarsie railroad, but only three on the Rockaway ferry, so vacationers traveling to the Rockaways via the railroad and ferry would often stay on Canarsie Landing for a few hours. Railroad service was increased in 1867, with trains running every hour on weekdays and every half hour on Sundays; the railroad handled 122,567 passengers that year.[12]: 44 

Five hotels soon opened on the Canarsie shore, starting with Bay View House in July 1867. In addition, restaurants and saloons began operating along Canarsie Landing.[12]: 43  An 1867 account from a Brooklyn Daily Eagle correspondent stated that there were two railroads: the Canarsie steam dummy, which ran only to East New York, and the Nostrand Avenue Line, which connected with other streetcar lines that ran across Brooklyn. The correspondent wrote that "it has ample hotel accommodations for boarders or casual visitors, and all it needs is a good roadway along the waterside for promenade and drive."[29] The next year, an article from the Eagle noted that although Canarsie still had a reputation for being a fisherman's village, it "will be largely patronized as soon as people get the means of going there".[30] German, Dutch, Scottish, and Irish settlers started moving to Canarsie in large numbers during the 1870s.[28]: 201 

Ferry service remained infrequent because any increase to ferry service would require new vessels, and in order to do that, Jamaica Bay would need to be dredged at a very high cost. At the time, the bay was a few inches deep during low tide, and a narrow, 5.5-to-7-foot-deep (1.7 to 2.1 m) channel stretched across the bay.[12]: 47  The Canarsie Line employed steamboats, which were able to make a round trip in two hours and navigate the bay at low tide. During its early history, the route used steamers with a capacity of 250 passengers; later boats had larger capacity.[12]: 65  In 1878, there were two proposals to create a more frequent transportation service between Canarsie and the Rockaways, but neither was implemented. One proposal entailed extending a railroad trestle into Jamaica Bay to shorten the ferry trip, while the other involved constructing a narrow-gauge railway that ran to Broad Channel, Queens.[12]: 44  By that year, a rectangular peninsula extended into the bay.[12]: 47  In 1880, the New York, Woodhaven and Rockaway Railroad constructed a trestle across the bay and started operating service across it.[31] White's Iron Steamboats, which sailed from Manhattan directly to the Rockaways,[32] started operating two years later. Despite the existence of two competitors, the Canarsie railroad saw a healthy continued patronage because many passengers wanted to go to Canarsie itself.[12]: 44, 69 

The success of the Canarsie railroad and the variety of activities available at Canarsie Point both contributed to that area's prosperity. In the late 1860s, a boat-rental company opened in Canarsie, and by 1880, there were ten such companies, with each company owning 50 boats on average. Rentals ranged from $5 to $7 on weekdays, and from $7 to $10 on weekends.[12]: 44  An 1882 newspaper article observed that after traveling to Canarsie "through a tract of country that looked like one vast lawn of green velvet", visitors could hire yachts or rowboats, or just breathe the fresh air.[33] In 1883, a large double-decker barge for theatrical and musical performances, called the "Floating Pavilion", was permanently anchored 0.75 miles (1.21 km) off the Canarsie shore. The depth of the bay was only 4 feet (1.2 m) deep at this point, making it suitable for bathing. A 50-foot (15 m) stage extended into the water for the performers, while bathhouses were placed on the barge's lower tier.[34] The steamer Edith Peck regularly traveled between the shore and the barge.[35] Summer bungalows were also built along the bay shore, especially east of Canarsie Landing in an area called Sand Bay. Since the land was submerged during low tide, many of these houses were built on stilts.[12]: 44  Electric lighting was installed in 1892 in a bid to attract visitors at night as well.[12]: 47 

Canarsie also grew into a fishing hub by the late 19th century. In 1850, there were 75 fishermen in Flatlands, compared to 191 other individuals who worked in agriculture. By 1880, there were 200 fishermen in Flatlands, of which around 90% lived in Canarsie.[12]: 44  In an 1865 account, The New York Times described the fishing village as a self-sufficient community that was "a place of much resort for fishing, and one of the best near to the city".[36] Boatbuilding also became popular: the number of boatbuilders in Canarsie grew from one in 1868 to eight in 1887. Much of the boats built in Canarsie were small rowboats, but some of them were large sloops.[12]: 47  A 1900 magazine article described the Canarsie bay shore as "a level expanse of marshy meadowland indented with shallow inlets and dotted with boathouses, fishing huts, and boat builders' cabins perched high and dry on wooden piles."[37] Visitors could rent a rowboat and catch fish at Ruffle Bar or other locations within Jamaica Bay. If these visitors had enough money, they could rent a large sloop and head to the open ocean to fish.[12]: 47 

Fishing and amusement heyday

[edit]

By the start of the 20th century, Canarsie was a bustling amusement district. Of the 50 buildings along the Canarsie bay shore, eighteen were hotels. Three ferry systems operated routes to Bergen Island, Barren Island, Rockaway Beach, and other destinations in Jamaica Bay.[12]: 47  A fourth would start operations in 1915, but shuttered in 1918 after several unprofitable seasons.[12]: 65 

Nunley's carousel, formerly located in Canarsie

The Canarsie Line faced a steep drop in patronage in 1895, when frequent trolley service started operating to Coney Island. The line, which had operated a fleet of at least 10 vessels throughout its existence, stopped operating in 1905.[12]: 69  The Canarsie Railroad, a subsidiary of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, acquired the Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach line north of Rockaway Parkway on May 31, 1906.[27]: 192  The BRT then announced that it would build an elevated railroad to Canarsie. This spurred speculation of rapid real estate development in Canarsie. Residents started constructing water and sewer pipes, as well as paving roads, in anticipation of this new development.[38] The route south of Rockaway Parkway became an electric trolley shuttle route.[39]

The 25-acre (10 ha) Golden City Amusement Park opened in May 1907 at what is now Seaview Avenue, near Canarsie Pier.[12]: 47  The owners hoped that the five-cent fare of the Canarsie Railroad would draw riders who would otherwise pay 10 cents to go to the Coney Island amusement area.[40] Golden City cost $1 million to build[41][42] and included a miniature railroad, a dance hall, a roller skating rink, and a roller coaster.[12]: 47  There was also a 300-foot-long (91 m) wooden shorefront promenade and a 2,500-seat theater with 7,000 electric lights.[41][42] The buildings were adorned with silver and gold.[42] Part of Golden City's appeal was that it was easily accessible from Manhattan via the elevated.[43][41] In August of that year, the Golden City Construction was leased to the Canarsie Amusement Company, who planned to make the park one of the world's largest.[44] In 1909, the park was severely damaged by a fire, which also destroyed two hotels.[45] The park was completely rebuilt for the next season.[12]: 48 

Murphy's Carousel was created in 1912 by the Stein and Goldstein Artistic Carousell Company of Brooklyn and installed in Golden City Park. A writer for The New York Times later noted that "the horses were carved in Coney Island style, which eschewed the look of docile ponies and prancing fillies and produced much more muscular, ferocious creatures with bared teeth and heads often lifted in motion."[46]

After the end of World War I, the New York City Department of Docks started renting piers along the Canarsie shore. These piers were transformed into summer vacation houses, boardwalks, industrial buildings, railroads, and piers, among other purposes. Some piers were used by boat yards, clubs, and builders, while other piers were rented for an expansion of Golden City Park.[12]: 47 

Decline of fishing and amusement

[edit]

By the 20th century, the fishing industry started to decline, since pollution had contaminated the oysters that occupied the bay.[47][48] The shellfish in the bay began showing signs of chemical contamination in 1904,[12]: 47  when an outbreak of typhoid fever was linked to a catch of shellfish in Inwood, New York, another town on the Jamaica Bay shore.[49]: 152  In 1912, a typhoid outbreak in upstate Goshen, New York, was attributed to a banquet where Jamaica Bay oysters were served.[50] In 1915, Canarsie itself was affected when 27 residents contracted typhoid from that year's shellfish catch.[49]: 152  Another 100 cases of gastroenteritis were traced to that year's shellfish catch. By 1917, an estimated 50,000,000 US gallons (190,000,000 L) of sewage per day was being discharged into the bay.[12]: 65  The whole industry was shuttered in 1921 because too much of the shellfish population had been infected.[12]: 47 [49]: 152 

The shoreline was further altered in 1926 through the construction of Canarsie Pier, a 250-yard-long (230 m) dock with a 300-yard-wide (270 m) base.[12]: 47  The pier was built as part of the greater improvement project for Jamaica Bay, wherein channels were being dredged in an effort to turn the bay into a large seaport. This was tied to improvement projects at Mill and Barren islands.[51] This brought new industrial tenants along the Jamaica Bay shore, including an asphalt company and a construction company. The first industrial export from Canarsie Pier, a 500-ton shipment of scrap metal, departed in 1933.[12]: 48  Planners also wanted to create a spur of the Long Island Rail Road's Bay Ridge Branch south to Flatlands, with two branches to Canarsie and Mill Basin.[12]: 71  In January 1931, the New York City Board of Estimate approved a plan to build railroads on both sides of Paerdegat Basin, connecting the LIRR to Canarsie Pier on the east and to Floyd Bennett Field on the west.[52] Ultimately, Robert Moses, the New York City Parks Commissioner at the time, disapproved of the project.[53] He moved to transform the bay into a city park instead.[54]

The Canarsie Railroad was converted to the Canarsie subway line in 1928, providing direct access to Manhattan.[28]: 864 [55] After the subway line opened, officials began calling for a new ferry service between Canarsie and Rockaway Beach.[56] The subway line was also supposed to help improve access to the proposed seaport,[51] although the seaport was ultimately not built.[54] The area remained a relatively remote outpost through the 1920s.[10] Southern Italian immigrants, along with Jews, soon settled in the area.[57]

Golden City was severely damaged by another fire in January 1934,[28]: 201  which destroyed fifteen buildings and caused $60,000 worth of damage.[58] This time, the amusement park's operators decided not to rebuild, and the area spent its last days as a boat dock.[12]: 48  In 1938, the city moved to acquire Golden City's land, as well as improve sewage facilities within Canarsie. The hope was that the new Belt Parkway would attract drivers to Golden City from all over the metropolitan area.[59] This did not happen, mainly because Robert Moses wanted to build the parkway through the amusement park.[60] Golden City was demolished in 1939 to make way for the Belt Parkway.[43] In the spring of 1940,[61] when the Belt Parkway was built through the area, the carousel was moved to Baldwin, on the border abutting Freeport, on Long Island.[46] The Works Progress Administration, in conjunction with the city's Departments of Parks and Docks, built a recreation building on Canarsie Pier in 1941.[12]: 48 

Bungalows in Canarsie

Ferry service at Canarsie Pier also withered away after the opening of the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge in 1937, which connected Brooklyn to the Rockaways directly.[62] In 1939, the WPA Guide to New York City mentioned that Canarsie was a "sparsely settled community located on dispiriting flatlands". The Guide further described the burned-down amusement park, the ramshackle shacks, and Canarsie's "weedy lots and small truck farms cultivated by Italians". The book stated that riders on the Canarsie Pier trolley could see "great stenches of dump and marsh" interspersed between the "unkempt gardens of run-down houses" that the trolley's route adjoined.[14] Until 1939, dozens of disused trolley cars from around the city were dumped into a 7-acre (2.8 ha), 35-foot-deep (11 m) lake in Canarsie.[63] The Canarsie Pier trolley route was discontinued in 1942 and was replaced by the B42 streetcar (later bus) route, despite residents' protests.[64] The right-of-way of the old Canarsie Pier trolley was abandoned.[39]

In 1940, plans for a 14,000-seat arena in Canarsie were filed.[65] This arena was apparently not built for several decades, because in 1974, many Canarsie residents announced their opposition to a proposed 15,000-seat arena in Brooklyn. One of the proposed sites of the arena was in Canarsie.[66] In 1941, the city announced that a new sewage plant would be built in Canarsie in order to reduce the amount of raw sewage going in Jamaica Bay.[67]

Residential development

[edit]

Canarsie only saw large residential development after World War II.[10] Much of the area's residential buildings were built from this post-war era up until the 1970s.[68]: 140  Marshland in the area was filled in.[28]: 201  Due to the large shortage of housing in New York City after the war, the city announced the construction of more than a thousand Quonset huts for veterans along the Jamaica Bay shore.[69] The first huts were delivered in February 1946,[70] and they were ready for occupancy by June of that year.[71]

Starting in the 1950s, a series of suburban waterfront communities were being rapidly developed in Southeast Brooklyn, including in present-day Bergen Beach, Canarsie, and Mill Basin.[72] Most of the new residents were whites who were moving out of neighborhoods such as East New York and Brownsville, which were gaining more black residents.[73] In August 1951, work started on the Breukelen Houses, a 1,600-unit New York City Housing Authority development between East 103rd and East 105th Streets.[74] The development was completed in October 1952.[75] The Bayview Houses, another NYCHA development, started construction in 1954[76] and opened in 1955.[77] The latter NYCHA development included a shopping center.[78]

Houses were also constructed by private developers, but due to zoning laws, these residences were limited to three stories high. Vacant lots remained, but they were being very quickly developed at the time.[15] Some lots along the Paerdegat Basin shore remained undeveloped through the 1960s. One plot, in particular, was supposed to become a public housing development for lower- and middle-class families. However, the plot was privately owned, and residents of nearby houses wanted to see a private developer build two-story middle-class detached houses at that location.[79] This plot ultimately became a middle-income housing development with units for 6,000 families, built by the city under the Mitchell-Lama Housing Program.[80]

In conjunction with this development, the federal and city governments each awarded hundreds of thousands of money toward improving parks and beaches in Canarsie.[77] The New York Times predicted that Canarsie could become "the next Jones Beach", a seaside resort of kinds.[15] It was expected that there would be 5,000 more school-aged children living in Canarsie, so public and parochial schools were expanded as well.[77] From 1950 to 1955, Canarsie's population grew from 3,500 to 4,500.[15] By 1963, a new 69th Precinct building for the New York City Police Department had to be constructed to accommodate the growing population.[72] Many young families moved to Canarsie, and Canarsie High School was built to handle the newcomers.[72][10] Canarsie High School opened in 1964.[81]

Starrett City, a 1970s-era development
Starrett City, a 1970s-era development east of Canarsie

The city proposed the construction of Flatlands Industrial Park, an industrial park, in Canarsie in 1959.[82] The city took over the project after a previous attempt by a private developer had been canceled in 1958 due to a lack of tenants.[83] The industrial park was to be located on a 93-acre (38 ha) plot[84] between East 99th and 108th Streets between Farragut Road and the Long Island Rail Road.[85] Permission to clear the land was granted in 1962.[86] East Brooklyn residents wished to see an educational complex on the site instead,[87] on the grounds that not building an educational complex would prolong the school segregation prevalent in Eastern Brooklyn.[88] The New York City Department of City Planning approved the plan anyway in 1965. The city added 6.5 acres (2.6 ha) of land to the proposed industrial area by deleting plans for the side streets that were supposed to run through the area.[89] These delays held up construction for nine years: in March 1966, an aide to Mayor John Lindsay reported that "not one spadeful of dirt" had been excavated on the site.[90] Construction on the project started in summer 1966,[91] and when the Flatlands Industrial Park opened in 1969,[85] it became the city's first publicly sponsored industrial complex.[84]

Other development in Canarsie around this time included the middle-income Starrett City complex east of Fresh Creek.[92] The complex is located east of Fresh Creek between Belt Parkway and Vandalia Avenue.[93] In 1962, the California-based Thompson–Starrett Co. bought 130 acres (53 ha) of land, upon which they proposed to construct apartment buildings.[94] However, this did not occur due to a lack of funds,[93] and the land was sold to a consortium of investors.[95] The project's new developers were a joint venture by the Starrett Corporation and the National Kinney Corporation, who renamed the project "Starrett City".[96] In 1967, the United Housing Foundation (UHF) announced a plan[93] to construct a housing development with similarities to Co-op City in the Bronx.[95] The UHF left the project in 1972, by which time part of Starrett City had already been built.[93] Starrett City was dedicated in October 1974,[96][97] and the first residents started moving in by the end of the year.[98] At the time of opening, it had 5,881 units in 46 eleven- to twenty-story buildings.[97]

Racial tensions and growing black population

[edit]
Canarsie High School, which was shuttered for three days in 1968 due to racial tensions
Canarsie High School, which was shuttered for three days in 1969 due to racial tensions

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, parents of white students protested against the New York City Department of Education's efforts to desegregate its District 18, which comprised schools in Canarsie and East Flatbush, by "busing" minority pupils into Canarsie schools.[10] Many of the minority students were pupils from majority-black Brownsville, which bordered Canarsie to the north but was in a different school district.[99] The racial tensions began in 1964, when the NYCDOE zoned some Brownsville students to Canarsie High School.[81] In 1969, a fight between a white student and a black student at Canarsie High School caused the school to be closed down for three days.[100] South Shore High School opened in 1970, albeit in a physically incomplete state: many rooms did not have furniture, plumbing, or public announcement systems until the middle of the school year.[101] Major conflicts between white and black students occurred in September 1970[102] and April 1971.[103] By the end of its first year, the principal was stepping down, and a coalition called "Friends of South Shore" had formed to protest the lack of resources or opportunities available at that school.[101]

The 1972–1973 school year was a tumultuous one for Canarsie. On September 12, 1972, the first day of the school year, District 18 officials refused to enroll approximately 90 students from Brownsville into IS 285, a school in East Flatbush. This change came after IS 285 had been enrolling Brownsville students for several years.[99] Brownsville parents had already been hesitant to enroll their students into schools in Canarsie due to large opposition there.[104] By the start of October, these students had still not been able to start school.[105] On October 14, the NYCDOE came up with a solution regarding approximately 40 of these students: send eleven to IS 285, and enroll the rest within IS 211 in Canarsie.[106] (The number of Brownsville students enrolled in IS 211 was variously given as either 29[106] or 31.[107] That number later rose to 32.[108]) In response, on October 17, hundreds of white parents from Canarsie showed up to protest outside IS 211 and IS 267. They announced their intention to keep protesting unless the black students were reassigned to another school.[109] Because the parents' protests blocked these schools' entrances, the schools were closed for the rest of that day.[110] These protests went on for three days until the NYCDOE threatened a writ of court action against these parents.[107]

The NYCDOE unsuccessfully attempted to broker a compromise between parents in Brownsville and Canarsie.[111] On October 24, 1972, NYCDOE Chairman Harvey B. Scribner withdrew enrollment for the Brownsville students who were going to IS 211.[112] The Brownsville parents brought their students to IS 211 the next day and started protesting outside the school.[113] On October 26, the NYCDOE reversed Scribner's order, re-enrolling the black students from Brownsville.[108] The same day, a police guard escorted 28 Brownsville students to their first day of classes at IS 211, amid a crowd of over 1,000 protesters. Of 10,000 students enrolled in Canarsie public schools, only 850 had gone to school on October 26.[114] Due to low attendance, six Canarsie schools were closed for that day.[115] By November 1, the fifth day of the boycott, the number of protesters had subsided, but the boycott was still ongoing.[116] The boycott was broken on November 10, twelve days after it started.[117][118] As part of the terms to end the boycott, a new zoning plan for the area was ordered.[119] The new plan, released on December 6,[120] was also controversial because it involved rezoning many black students.[121] A second new plan was then ordered.[122] Many Canarsie parents, who complained that it was taking too long to come up with a new zoning plan, initiated a second boycott on March 1, 1973.[123] This boycott spread to a school in Mill Basin,[124] but a similar one in Gravesend was unsuccessful.[125] The boycott ended on April 1, after parents agreed almost unanimously to prohibit any more Brownsville students from enrolling in Canarsie schools. Students who were already enrolled were allowed to stay until they graduated.[126] In total, white students boycotted their schools for seven weeks of the 1972–1973 school year.[127]: 2  In 1978, a NYCDOE integration plan was tentatively approved by the state. Black students from Brownsville could enroll in Canarsie schools as long as they did not make up a majority of the student population there.[128]

Of the 80,000 Canarsie residents in 1972, about 2.5% were black. Canarsie's black residents were mostly concentrated in the NYCHA developments, which were integrated with the detached houses in the rest of the neighborhood.[73] The conflict was compared to the Little Rock Nine controversy in 1957, where presidential intervention had been required in order to integrate nine black students into a majority-white school.[127]: 2  One writer described the Canarsie school conflict as a time when white residents felt that "things began to go awry".[127]: 1  The conflict marked the beginning of white Canarsie residents' shift from liberalism to conservatism.[73][127]: 7  By 1978, Canarsie was characterized as "a conservative, middle-class Jewish and Italian section of Brooklyn".[129] The elected leadership of District 18 became ethnically disproportionate to the student body: by 1983, most of the District 18 board members were white, even though 75% of the district's students were black.[130] This disproportionate representation continued through 1994, when the mostly-white members of District 18 opposed a plan to split off several schools into a nearby district in order to increase the proportion of black votes in both districts.[131] That plan was subsequently canceled.[132]

In 1989, construction commenced on the Seaview Estates condominiums. The project was characterized as Canarsie's first large new residential development in decades.[133] The development opened in 2003.[134]

In the 1980s, the white residents of Canarsie started moving away,[28]: 201  and black residents started moving in.[135] From 1980 to 1990, the proportion of Canarsie's population who was white dropped from 90% to 75%.[135] Much of Canarsie's white population left for the suburbs of Staten Island, Queens, Long Island, and New Jersey, part of a national phenomenon referred to as "white flight".[136] This culminated in a spate of racial conflicts in 1991, where 14 racial-bias incidents were recorded within a month and a half.[137] These incidents were committed by both blacks against whites, and by whites against blacks.[135] The black population of Canarsie rose from 10% in 1990 to 60% in 2000, with most of the new residents being Caribbean and West Indian immigrants.[138] By 2010, the neighborhood was 78% black, and between 47% and 60% of the total residents were immigrants from the Caribbean.[68]: 141 

The late-2000s subprime mortgage crisis affected the 11236 zip code, which includes Canarsie and Flatlands, more than any other neighborhood in the city. The area had 1,930 subprime mortgages, the most of any city neighborhood; of these, twelve percent were facing foreclosure proceedings.[139] During Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, the basements of many homes in Canarsie were flooded. By June 2013, more than 10% of the residential buildings within Canarsie's zip code, 11236, were being foreclosed upon.[140] In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, the Federal Emergency Management Agency started redrawing flood-risk maps in New York City to account for climate change. The original flood map in 1983 labeled 26 buildings under the FEMA "flood zone", but the new flood map proposed increasing that total to 5,000 buildings. Many area homeowners opposed the maps because they could not afford flood insurance if they were rezoned under the FEMA flood zone.[141]

Community

[edit]
An IHOP restaurant in Canarsie
An IHOP in Canarsie

Canarsie is characterized as a working- to middle-class neighborhood.[140] Canarsie's residences consist mainly of one- and two-family homes.[10] Most houses are detached, unlike elsewhere in Brooklyn where townhouses are more common.[17] The houses between East 105th and East 108th Streets typically have backyards, while large houses dating to the 1910s and 1920s can be found north of Flatlands Avenue.[140] Eastern Canarsie tends to have more dense concentrations of housing than western Canarsie, while the center of the neighborhood has very dense development.[139] There are two large public housing developments, the Breuckelen Houses and the Bayview Houses, both operated by the New York City Housing Authority.[10] Canarsie also contains a gated community, the Seaview Estates condominium complex, which has five buildings as well as its own tennis court and swimming pool.[140][133]

Brooklyn Community District 18, which encompasses Canarsie and Flatlands, has a poverty rate of 10%, lower than the city's 20% overall poverty rate, and a homeownership rate of 60%, higher than the city's 30% overall homeownership rate.[142]

Places of interest

[edit]

There are two shopping centers in Canarsie. One of them is Canarsie Plaza, located on Avenue D.[140] Opened in 2011, the mall contains 278,000 square feet (25,800 m2) of retail space.[143] The Brooklyn Terminal Market is located adjacent to Canarsie Plaza, and sells horticultural items such as plants, trees, and fruits.[140]

The Canarsie Cemetery is located at Remsen Avenue and Avenue K. It was owned by the Remsen family until 1888, when they sold it to the town of Flatlands. In 1898, the cemetery became part of New York City, who became the new owner of the cemetery. Over the next century, 6,400 corpses were interred at the Canarsie Cemetery, including Civil War and Spanish–American War veterans.[144] The city announced its intention to sell Canarsie Cemetery in 1982,[145] but for more than 25 years, its efforts to sell were unsuccessful.[146] Cypress Hills, the operator of another cemetery straddling Brooklyn and Queens, purchased Canarsie Cemetery in 2010. By that time, there had been 8,000 interments, with space for 6,000 more corpses.[147]

Demographics

[edit]

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Canarsie was 83,693, a decrease of 1,365 (1.6%) from the 85,058 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,959.94 acres (793.16 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 42.7 inhabitants per acre (27,300/sq mi; 10,600/km2).[4] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 81.0% (67,816) African American, 5.9% (4,928) non-Hispanic White, 0.2% (192) Native American, 2.6% (2,198) Asian, 0.0% (8) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (332) from other races, and 1.5% (1,278) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.3% (6,941) of the population.[148]

The entirety of Community District 18, which comprises Canarsie and Flatlands, had 165,543 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 82.0 years.[149]: 2, 20  This is slightly higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[150]: 53 (PDF p. 84) [151] Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 25% are between the ages of 0–17, 29% between 25 and 44, and 24% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 13% respectively.[149]: 2 

As of 2019, the median household income in Community District 18 was $80,471.[152] In 2018, an estimated 21% of Canarsie and Flatlands residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 50% in Canarsie and Flatlands, lower than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Canarsie and Flatlands are considered to be higher-income relative to the rest of the city.[149]: 7 

The 2020 census data from the New York City Department of City Planning shows that there were fewer than 5,000 white residents, fewer than 5,000 Asian residents, between 5,000 and 9,999 Hispanic residents, and over 40,000 black residents.[153][154]

During the 1990s, much of Canarsie's white population left for the suburbs as part of a national phenomenon referred to as "white flight".[136] In the early 21st century, Canarsie's population is mostly black due to significant West Indian immigration in the area. East Brooklyn Community High School now serves the transfer student population.[155]

Police and crime

[edit]

Canarsie is primarily served by the NYPD's 69th Precinct, located at 9720 Foster Avenue,[5] although the small area west of the Bay Ridge Branch tracks falls under the 67th Precinct, located at 2820 Snyder Avenue.[156] In 2019, the 69th Precinct reported 2 murders, 25 rapes, 91 robberies, 146 felony assaults, 63 burglaries, 286 grand larcenies, and 72 grand larcenies auto. Crime in these categories fell by 84.9% in the precinct between 1990 and 2019, and by 60.9% since 2001.[157] Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 69th Precinct had a rate of 456 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 571 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.[158][159][160]

As of 2018, Community District 18 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 46 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 49 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 380 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 460 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.[149]: 8 

In 2019, the highest concentrations of felony assaults in Canarsie were near the intersection of 93rd Street and Avenue L, where there were 6, and on Farragut Road between 105th and 108th streets, where there were also 6. The highest concentrations of robberies were near the intersection of 103rd Street and Glenwood Road, where there were 4, and at the nearby intersection of 105th Street and Glenwood Road, where there were also 4.[158]

Fire safety

[edit]

Canarsie is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 257/Ladder Co. 170/Battalion 58, located at 1361 Rockaway Parkway.[161][162]

Health

[edit]

Preterm births are more common in Canarsie and Flatlands than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Canarsie and Flatlands, there were 89 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 11.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[149]: 11  Canarsie and Flatlands has a relatively low population of residents who are uninsured, or who receive healthcare through Medicaid.[163] In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 21%, which is higher than the citywide rate of 12%.[149]: 14 

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Canarsie and Flatlands is 0.0071 milligrams per cubic metre (7.1×10−9 oz/cu ft), lower than the citywide and boroughwide averages.[149]: 9  Fifteen percent of Canarsie and Flatlands residents are smokers, which is slightly higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[149]: 13  In Canarsie and Flatlands, 30% of residents are obese, 14% are diabetic, and 37% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.[149]: 16  In addition, 21% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[149]: 12 

Eighty-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 77% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", slightly less than the city's average of 78%.[149]: 13  For every supermarket in Canarsie and Flatlands, there are 9 bodegas.[149]: 10 

Post offices and ZIP Codes

[edit]

Canarsie and Flatlands are covered by ZIP Codes 11234, 11236, and 11239.[164] The United States Post Office's Canarsie Station is located at 10201 Flatlands Avenue.[165]

Recreation

[edit]

Canarsie Pier

[edit]
Canarsie Pier

Canarsie Pier, a fishing spot and recreation area on Jamaica Bay, is located in the southern part of the neighborhood at the end of Rockaway Parkway.[166] The pier is part of the Gateway National Recreation Area's Jamaica Bay Unit, operated by the National Park Service.[10] The city renovated the pier in 1971,[167] and the NPS spent $5 million to renovate the pier again in 1992.[168] The pier contains a restaurant and a visitor center.[168]

Canarsie Park

[edit]

Canarsie Park (aka Seaview Park), operated by New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks), is located in two pieces south of Seaview Avenue: one west of East 93rd Street, and another east of East 102nd Street. In 1895 and 1896, the city acquired the plot of land bound by East 88th and East 93rd Streets between Seaview and Skidmore Avenues. At the time, the land contained the Jans Martense Schenck house. The park was expanded in 1934 after the city purchased land from the Department of Docks, and a playground was built at Seaview Avenue and East 93rd Street in 1936. Canarsie Park grew again in 1939 and 1948 using parcels from the New York City Board of Estimate. A fourth expansion occurred in 1954 when some land next to Fresh Creek Basin was purchased. The Seaview Avenue playground was renovated in the mid-1990s.[11] Canarsie Park was renovated in the 2000s. During the renovation, a skatepark, a cricket field, and a nature trail were added.[140] This renovation, and the upkeep of other parks in Canarsie, was attributed to an infusion of $13 million in funds from City Councilman Lewis A. Fidler, who represented Community Board 18 at the time.[169] There are also facilities for baseball, soccer, basketball, and tennis, as well as a dog run.[139][11] New York Road Runners hosts a weekly 3-mile (4.8 km) Open Run in the park.[170]

Other parks

[edit]

The neighborhood has several other parks operated by NYC Parks. Bayview Playground is located at Seaview Avenue and East 100th Street, within the Bayview Houses and next to PS 272. The original plot for the playground was acquired in 1955, and NYCHA gave additional land in 1962. Bayview Playground contains basketball and handball courts, as well as a play area and fitness area.[171]

Bildersee Playground is located on Flatlands Avenue between East 81st and East 82nd Streets. Its namesake, Isaac Bildersee, was an assistant public school superintendent for Brooklyn during the 1940s. The city purchased the land in 1960 so it could construct IS 68, the Isaac Bildersee School, along with an accompanying playground. Bildersee Playground opened along with the school in 1965. It contains basketball and handball courts, as well as a play area.[172]

Curtis Playground is located on Foster Avenue between East 81st and East 82nd Streets. It contains basketball courts as well as fitness and play areas.[173]

Sledge Playground is located on East 95th Street between Holmes Lane and Avenue L. The park originally opened in 1934 on land that was acquired by the city in 1924. In 1984, it was renamed after Cecil Frank Sledge, an NYPD officer for the 69th Precinct who was killed in the line of duty in 1980. Sledge Playground was renovated in 1997–1998.[174]

100% Playground is located on Glenwood Road between East 100th and East 101st Streets. It contains handball courts, a playground, and spray showers.[175]

In 1978, the city proposed an additional park between East 102nd and East 108th Streets along Jamaica Bay, but residents opposed the new park because they wanted the funds to pay for existing parks' upkeep.[129]

Transportation

[edit]
Subway platform at Rockaway Parkway

The BMT Canarsie Line,[10] on which the New York City Subway's L train runs, terminates at Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway near the northern end of the neighborhood.[139] There is also a subway station at East 105th Street between Foster Avenue and Farragut Road.[176][17] The subway system's only level crossing was located at East 105th Street[177] until it was closed by 1973[178] as part of the Flatlands Industrial Park project.[85]

The MTA Regional Bus Operations' B6, B17, B42, B60, B82, B82 SBS, B103, and BM2 routes also run through Canarsie.[179] The B42 route along Rockaway Parkway is a direct descendant of the former trolley route that ran to Canarsie Pier. There is a free direct transfer between the B42 and the subway at Rockaway Parkway.[39]

The principal roadways through Canarsie are Remsen Avenue, Rockaway Parkway, and Flatlands Avenue. The Belt Parkway, a limited-access parkway, serves Canarsie via an exit at Canarsie Pier.[18][139]

Education

[edit]

Canarsie and Flatlands generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents to the rest of the city as of 2018. Though 40% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 13% have less than a high school education and 48% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher.[149]: 6  The percentage of Canarsie and Flatlands students excelling in math rose from 40 percent in 2000 to 57 percent in 2011, though reading achievement decreased from 48% to 46% during the same time period.[142]

Canarsie and Flatlands's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is slightly lower than the rest of New York City. In Canarsie and Flatlands, 17% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students.[142]: 24 (PDF p. 55) [149]: 6  Additionally, 80% of high school students in Canarsie and Flatlands graduate on time, equal to the citywide average of 75% of students.[149]: 6 

Schools

[edit]

Public elementary schools in Canarsie include PS 114,[180] PS 115,[181] PS 272,[182] PS 276,[183] PS 279,[184] IS 68,[185] and IS 211.[186] These schools are all operated by the New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE).[10][140]

Canarsie also contains buildings formerly occupied by the South Shore High School and Canarsie High School, which now serve as educational campuses. In late fall 2006, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that five troubled high schools would close by 2010, including South Shore and Canarsie High Schools. According to a NYCDOE spokesperson, the closings were attributed to "dismal graduation rates, consistent low test scores, a poor history of educating, low performing students, and lackluster demand."[187]

Canarsie and Flatlands generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018. A 2018 study found that 38% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, but 14% have less than a high school education and 49% are high school graduates with some college education. By contrast, 38% of Brooklynites and 41% of city residents have a college education or higher.[149]: 6  The percentage of Canarsie and Flatlands students excelling in math has increased from 40 percent in 2000 to 57.4 percent in 2011, but within the same time period, reading proficiency dropped from 48% to 45.6%.[142]

Libraries

[edit]

The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) has two branches in Canarsie. The Canarsie branch is located at 1580 Rockaway Parkway near Avenue J. It opened in 1909 with a small circulating connection and became a BPL branch in 1932. Since then, it has relocated twice to accommodate high patronage.[188] The Jamaica Bay branch is located at 9727 Seaview Avenue between Rockaway Parkway and East 98th Street, and it opened in 1973.[189] In addition, the Paerdegat branch is located just west of Canarsie, at 850 East 59th Street near Paerdegat Avenue South.[190]

Media

[edit]

The Canarsie Courier, published every Thursday, is the oldest weekly publication in Brooklyn and is still in publication. It was founded by Walter S. Patrick on April 22, 1921. The Courier was then purchased by brothers Bob and Joe Samitz in 1959. After the death of Joe Samitz, Mary Samitz became co-publisher of the paper with her husband Bob and then became the sole publisher after Bob's death in 1998. The Samitz family then sold the paper to Donna Marra and Sandra Greco. Marra became the sole publisher in 2010.[191]

Notable residents

[edit]

Notable current and former residents of Canarsie include:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Caramanica, Jon (July 9, 2020). "The Rapid Rise of Pop Smoke, Brooklyn Rap's Homecoming King (Published 2019)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2020. After securing a couple of outfits at Patron of the New, Pop Smoke (born Bashar Jackson) slipped behind the wheel of his navy Range Rover for a drive out to Canarsie. 'You going to see a lot of flossing — a lot of young kids, they look rich,' he said of the Brooklyn neighborhood where he spent much of his childhood, the child of Panamanian and Jamaican parents.... In local parlance, Canarsie is called 'The Flossy.'
  2. ^ a b "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  3. ^ "Canarsie neighborhood in New York". Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Archived June 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
  5. ^ a b "69th Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  6. ^ Current City Council Districts for Kings County Archived January 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York City. Accessed May 5, 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e Tooker, William Wallace (1911). The Indian Place-names on Long Island and Islands Adjacent: With Their Probable Significations. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  8. ^ a b Ross, Peter (1902). A History of Long Island: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. Lewis publishing Company. p. 19.
  9. ^ a b c Liff, Bob (November 26, 1998). "For Indians, Deeds Led to End of Era". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sherman, Mark (February 12, 1984). "If You're Thinking of Living in: Canarsie". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  11. ^ a b c "Canarsie Park Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Black, Frederick R. (1981). "Jamaica Bay: a History" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ "From resort nights to white flight: a brief history of Canarsie". The Weekly Nabe. May 3, 2012. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  14. ^ a b Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. p. 502. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
  15. ^ a b c d Schumach, Murray (July 29, 1955). "Our Changing City: Southeastern Brooklyn Area; Canarsie Goes on a Building Spree as Brownsville Grows Shabbier". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  16. ^ Bijur, Ben (June 24, 2020). "Get To Know Swirv: The 19 Year Old U.K. Producer Taking Over The Drill Scene". KAZI. MAGAZINE. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Holter, Lauren (June 15, 2016). "Canarsie: A quiet neighborhood on Brooklyn's waterfront". am New York. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  18. ^ a b c "Canarsie, Brooklyn, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  19. ^ a b Bolton, Reginald P. (1934). Indian Life of Long Ago in the City of New York. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-517-50155-9. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018.
  20. ^ a b Dubois, Anson (1884). A History of the Town of Flatlands, Kings County, N.Y. Brooklyn, N.Y. [W.W. Munsell].
  21. ^ Kearns, Betsy; Kirkorian, Ceca; Schaefer, Richard (September 1993). "Water Quality Facility Plan: Paerdegat Basin, Brooklyn, New York: Phase lA Archaeological Assessment" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  22. ^ a b "CANARSIE, Brooklyn Part 1". Forgotten New York. July 2008. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  23. ^ a b Diamonstein-Spielvogel, Barbaralee (2011). The Landmarks of New York (5th ed.). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-4384-3769-9.
  24. ^ O'Callaghan, E.B. (1850). The Documentary History of the State of New-York: Arranged Under Direction of the Hon. Christopher Morgan, Secretary of State. Weed, Parsons & Company, public printers. p. 421. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  25. ^ Denton, Daniel (1902). A Brief Description of New York: Formerly Called New Netherlands. Burrows Brothers. p. 46. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  26. ^ Dripps, Matthew (1852). Map of Kings and part of Queens counties, Long Island N.Y. (Map). Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018 – via The Library of Congress.
  27. ^ a b Cudahy, Brian J. (2002). How We Got to Coney Island: The Development of Mass Transportation in Brooklyn and Kings County. Fordham Univ Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780823222094. canarsie trolley.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
  29. ^ "Our Local Watering Places". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 20, 1867. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  30. ^ "The Summer Season. Our Pleasant Suburban Resorts. Where to Go, and How to Get There". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 18, 1868. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  31. ^ Seyfried, V.F.; Asadorian, W. (2012). Old Queens, N.Y., in Early Photographs: 261 Prints. New York City. Dover Publications. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-486-13601-1. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  32. ^ Cudahy, B.J. (2009). How We Got to Coney Island: The Development of Mass Transportation in Brooklyn and Kings County. Fordham University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8232-2211-7. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  33. ^ "Ocean Spray: Thousands Seeking Pleasure By the Atlantic's Blue Wave". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 3, 1882. p. 3. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  34. ^ "The Pavilion in the Bay". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 20, 1883. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  35. ^ "By the Sea: Sunday Excursionists Caught in the Rain". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 9, 1883. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  36. ^ "Fishes and Fisheries; The Morality and Pleasures of Fishing". The New York Times. July 2, 1865. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  37. ^ Metropolitan. Blakely Hall. 1900. p. 30. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  38. ^ "Canarsie is Destined for Great Developments". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 11, 1906. p. 39. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  39. ^ a b c Branford Electric Railway Association (2008). Brooklyn Streetcars. Images of America: a history of American life in images and texts. Arcadia Pub. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7385-5761-8. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
  40. ^ "Hermann Tells His Story.; Letter Books Destroyed in the Open and by His Direction" (PDF). The New York Times. April 5, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  41. ^ a b c "'Golden City' Built in Canarsie Park". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 19, 1907. p. 40. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  42. ^ a b c "A New Dreamland at Coney Island; Many Additional Attractions and 1,000,000 Lights Mark 4th Season's Opening" (PDF). The New York Times. May 19, 1907. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  43. ^ a b Radow, Craig (July 1, 2007). "The Coney Island of Canarsie". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  44. ^ "Golden City Changes Hands.; Plan to Make It One of the Largest Amusement Resorts In the World" (PDF). The New York Times. August 1, 1907. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  45. ^ "$250,000 Canarsie Fire; Golden City Park Resort and Two Hotels Destroyed" (PDF). The New York Times. May 9, 1909. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  46. ^ a b Toy, Vivian S. (May 1, 2005). "A Carousel Becomes the Brass Ring". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  47. ^ Chung, Jen (September 6, 2016). "10,000 Oysters Are Being Installed In Jamaica Bay, With Beds Made From Recycled Toilets". Gothamist. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  48. ^ Feuer, Alan (July 29, 2011). "Jamaica Bay, a Wild Place on the Edge of Change". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  49. ^ a b c Hendrick, D.M. (2006). Jamaica Bay. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4396-1802-8. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  50. ^ "Jamaica Bay Oysters Blamed for Typhoid Epidemics" (PDF). The New York Times. October 6, 1912. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  51. ^ a b Shepard, Charles E. (December 29, 1926). "City Acquires $10,000,000 Jamaica Bay Tract Without a Penny of Cost to Itself". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 10. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  52. ^ "Jamaica Bay Plan Approved by City" (PDF). The New York Times. January 31, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  53. ^ "Jamaica Bay to Be Play Area; Its 18,000 Acres of Water and Marshland Are Being Cleaned Up and Developed for Swimming, Boating and Fishing" (PDF). The New York Times. June 29, 1941. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  54. ^ a b "City Clears Way for Jamaica Park; Board Adopts Maps, Sets Time for Public Hearing on Huge Area on Waterfront" (PDF). The New York Times. May 13, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  55. ^ "Canarsie Subway Will Open Today; To Provide Service From Sixth Avenue, Manhattan, to Jamaica Bay" (PDF). The New York Times. July 14, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  56. ^ "Canarsie Rockaway Ferry Urged By Civics". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 18, 1928. p. 7. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  57. ^ "Jewish Community Shrinking, But Surviving". Canarsie Courier. December 23, 2004. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  58. ^ "2 Brooklyn Fires Sweep Wide AreaS; 15 Canarsie Buildings and 12 Flatbush Homes Destroyed – Loss Put at $160,000" (PDF). The New York Times. January 30, 1934. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  59. ^ "See Canarsie Taking Place in Limelight". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 10, 1938. p. 8. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  60. ^ "Moses Asks Ban on Canarsie Park at Belt Highway". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 19, 1938. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  61. ^ "Nunley's Carousel". Cradle of Aviation Museum. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  62. ^ "canarsiecourier.com, Brooklyn Beep Has More Talks About Canarsie Pier Ferry Service, By Dara Mormile, Aug. 2015". Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  63. ^ Gordon, David (April 8, 1973). "Canarsie Is the End of the Line for Trolleys". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  64. ^ "Trolleys Back on Gates, 3d Ave Lines Soon". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 25, 1942. p. 16. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  65. ^ "Brooklyn to Get New Sports Arena; Plans Are Filed for $850,000 Structure Seating 14,000 in Canarsie Section" (PDF). The New York Times. August 28, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  66. ^ "Residents Oppose a Brooklyn Arena". The New York Times. December 5, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  67. ^ "Big Disposal Plant to Rise in Brooklyn; Canarsie Sewage Treating Unit to Cost $1,000,000" (PDF). The New York Times. December 17, 1941. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  68. ^ a b Van Hooreweghe, Kristen L. (2012). "The Creeks, Beaches, and Bay of the Jamaica Bay Estuary: The Importance of Place in Cultivating Relationships to Nature". CUNY Academic Works. Graduate Center, CUNY. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017.
  69. ^ "1,345 Huts to Ease Housing Need Here; FPHA Asks for Quonset Units From Davisville Colony, as Result of Mayor's Plea" (PDF). The New York Times. January 6, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  70. ^ "LST Unloads Quonset Huts Here To Provide Housing for Veterans;" (PDF). The New York Times. February 19, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  71. ^ "Quonset Hut Apartments To Be Opened Tomorrow" (PDF). The New York Times. June 19, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  72. ^ a b c "A 'Suburb' Grows in Marshes Here; Bergen Beach, Mill Basin and Canarsie Sections of Brooklyn Transformed" (PDF). The New York Times. November 28, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  73. ^ a b c Arnold, Martin (October 28, 1972). "Canarsie Fears Values Are Beginning to Erode". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  74. ^ "2 Ceremonies Mark Brooklyn Housing; Cashmore Lays Cornerstone for 1,595-Family Development on Old Canarsie Marshes". The New York Times. August 11, 1951. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  75. ^ "NYCHA Housing Developments". New York City Housing Authority. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2008.
  76. ^ "Housing Authority To OK Low Bid for Canarsie Project" (PDF). Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 10, 1954. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  77. ^ a b c "Canarsie Homes Add to Tax Levy; Seaview Village Should Yield $480,000 to City Next Year". The New York Times. September 2, 1956. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  78. ^ "STORES FOR BROOKLYN; Retail Center Will Serve Two Housing Projects". The New York Times. May 20, 1956. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  79. ^ "Big Canarsie Tract Freed for Housing". The New York Times. February 9, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  80. ^ "Project for 6,000 Families Approved for Canarsie Site". The New York Times. June 28, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  81. ^ a b "School Incidents Disturb Canarsie". The New York Times. September 27, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  82. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (October 30, 1959). "Big Factory Park Outlined to City; 95 Million Industrial Area for Brooklyn Envisioned in Engineers' Study". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  83. ^ "Sponsor Gives Up Industrial Park; Privately Backed Project in Brooklyn Reported Unable to Get Enough Tenantse" (PDF). The New York Times. October 7, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  84. ^ a b Rosselli, Albert T. (1967). "Planning the Flatlands Urban Industrial Park". Journal of the Urban Planning and Development Division. 93 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1061/JUPDAJ.0000026. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018.
  85. ^ a b c Fowler, Glenn (September 6, 1970). "Flatlands Industrial Park, Year Old, Making Strides". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  86. ^ "Industrial Park Cleared for City; Supreme Court Bars Review of Flatlands Condemnation" (PDF). The New York Times. October 9, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  87. ^ Samuels, Robert (February 22, 1966). "Brownsville Opposes a New JHS" (PDF). Brooklyn World-Telegram. p. B1. Retrieved January 28, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  88. ^ "7 School Plans Protested Here; Brooklyn Group Says They Will Extend Segregation" (PDF). The New York Times. June 21, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  89. ^ "An Industrial Park for Brooklyn Nears Reality With New Layout". The New York Times. August 20, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  90. ^ "Industrial Park Spelled D-U-M-P; Flatlands-Canarsie Project Untouched After 5 Years" (PDF). The New York Times. March 30, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  91. ^ "Industrial Park Near in Brooklyn; Developer of 96-Acre Tract Hopes to Break Ground in July for Project" (PDF). The New York Times. June 19, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  92. ^ "Apartments". The New York Times. October 21, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  93. ^ a b c d Horsley, Carter B. (July 16, 1972). "Housing for 24,000 Begun in Brooklyn". The New York Times. p. 46. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  94. ^ "Land Deal in Brooklyn; 6 Million Paid for 130 Acres as Apartment Site" (PDF). The New York Times. February 1, 1962. p. 61. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  95. ^ a b Hellman, Peter (October 17, 1988). "A Dilemma Grows in Brooklyn: Starrett City Fights to Keep Its Quotas and Its Racial Mix". New York. Vol. 21, no. 41. pp. 54–58. ISSN 0028-7369. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  96. ^ a b Thomas, Robert Jr. (October 13, 1974). "Planners Preparing for Starrett City's Tenants". The New York Times. p. 129. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  97. ^ a b Lichtenstein, Grace (October 14, 1974). "5,881 Unit Project is Dedicated Here; Became and Wilson Attend Ceremony at Starrett City in the Canarsie Section" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  98. ^ "Customer Vs. Moving Company: Curbside Mediators Try to Help". The New York Times. December 27, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  99. ^ a b Buder, Leonard (September 12, 1972). "Classes Resume Smoothly In All But Two City Schools". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  100. ^ "Racially Troubled Canarsie School Is Tense as Classes Resume". The New York Times. March 5, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  101. ^ a b Ruder, Leonard (June 27, 1971). "City Pilot School Far from Success". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  102. ^ Buder, Leonard (September 19, 1970). "Brooklyn School Seeks Racial Accord". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  103. ^ Arnold, Martin (April 30, 1971). "Racial Outbreak at South Shore High School in Brooklyn Is Traced to Earlier Tensions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  104. ^ Buder, Leonard (September 26, 1972). "Brooklyn School Shut to Avoid Black-White Parent Showdown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  105. ^ Buder, Leonard (October 1, 1972). "The Issues". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  106. ^ a b Buder, Leonard (October 14, 1972). "40 Black Pupils Reassigned Here". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  107. ^ a b Peterson, Iver (October 20, 1972). "Threat of a Writ Puts End To Canarsie Parent Sit-In". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 26, 2024. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  108. ^ a b "Board Reverses Scribner, Orders 32 Into J.H.S. 211; Minority Pupils Are Upheld Despite Parental Protests That Shut the School" (PDF). The New York Times. October 27, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  109. ^ Ruder, Leonard (October 17, 1972). "Protests by White Parents Shut 2 Canarsie Schools". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  110. ^ "Protests by White Parents Shut 2 Canarsie Schools; Protests by White Parents Force the Closing of 2 Schools in Canarsie Section" (PDF). The New York Times. October 17, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  111. ^ Smothers, Ronald (October 22, 1972). "Compromise Plan on Can Arsie Fails". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  112. ^ Hanley, Robert (October 24, 1972). "Scribner Agrees to Shift 31 Black Pupils in Canarsie". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  113. ^ Smothers, Ronald (October 25, 1972). "Parents Scuffle at School Doors Barred to Blacks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  114. ^ Buder, Leonard (October 28, 1972). "Black Pupils Enter 211 As Police Quell Disorder". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  115. ^ Buder, Leonard (October 31, 1972). "Parents Boycott Nits 6 Schools in Canarsie Area". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  116. ^ Buder, Leonard (November 1, 1972). "Eggs and Rocks Thrown as Boycott at Canarsie School Continues". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  117. ^ "Boycott Over, Canarsie Pupils Are Eager to Work". The New York Times. November 10, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  118. ^ Associated Press (November 9, 1972). "Canarsie schools; attendance near normal" (PDF). Auburn Citizen-Advertiser. p. 10. Retrieved January 29, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  119. ^ Buder, Leonard (November 4, 1972). "Canarsie Board Pledges To Devise Rezoning Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  120. ^ "Canarsie Devises New Zoning Plan; Would Bar Tilden Children From Junior Highs in '75" (PDF). The New York Times. December 6, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  121. ^ Buder, Leonard (December 12, 1972). "Canarsie Hearing Becomes Melee As Tempers Flare on Zone Issue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  122. ^ Buder, Leonard (December 13, 1972). "Scribner Orders a New Canarsie School-Zoning Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  123. ^ "Canarsie School Boycott Reported Voted by Parents". The New York Times. March 1, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  124. ^ Buder, Leonard (March 7, 1973). "Mill Basin Supports Canarsie Boycott; Court Halts Education Board Hearing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  125. ^ "Attempt to Widen Canarsie Boycott Of Schools Fails". The New York Times. March 13, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  126. ^ Smothers, Ronald (April 2, 1973). "School Boycott Ending in Canarsie". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  127. ^ a b c d Rieder, Jonathan (2009). Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04274-2. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  128. ^ Oelsner, Lesley (1978). "Brooklyn School Integration Plan Is Facing a Fight". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  129. ^ a b Kifner, John (May 5, 1978). "Canarsie Residents Reject a New Park At Budget Hearing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  130. ^ Lynn, Frank (May 1, 1983). "Old Divisions Evident in Brooklyn School Race". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  131. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (October 23, 1994). "Neighborhood Report: Canarsie/East Flatbush; School District on Redrawing Board, and Tempers Flare". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  132. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (November 6, 1994). "Neighborhood Report: Canarsie/East Flatbush; Black-White Issue, Gray Area: Redistricting Plan Is Pulled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  133. ^ a b Lyons, Richard D. (April 30, 1989). "Postings: On Fresh Creek Basin; 223 Condos for Canarsie". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  134. ^ "Gated condos opening in B'klyn". New York Daily News. June 27, 2003. p. 3. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2019 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  135. ^ a b c "Canarsie's Long-Held Racial Anxieties Resurface". The New York Times. August 4, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  136. ^ a b "They Drew A Line". The New York Times. March 31, 1985. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013. Canarsie expanded during the 1950s and became a quasi-suburban homeowner community. Since then, however, more and more of the newcomers have been escaping older Brooklyn areas as they turned into black slums
  137. ^ "White Canarsie Resident Charged In Group Attack on a Black Man". The New York Times. August 15, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  138. ^ Christian, Nichole M. (August 30, 2001). "Voters Focus on Better Schools; A Changing Canarsie Wants Mayor to Ease Crowding". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  139. ^ a b c d e Mooney, Jake (October 10, 2008). "Homey, but No Haven From Hard Times". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  140. ^ a b c d e f g h Gill, John Freeman (October 8, 2013). "In Canarsie, a Coalition of the Tried-and-True". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  141. ^ Chen, David W. (2018). "In New York, Drawing Flood Maps Is a 'Game of Inches'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  142. ^ a b c d "Flatlands/Canarsie – BK 18" (PDF). Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  143. ^ "Cole Buys Brooklyn's Canarsie Plaza for $124M". National Real Estate Investor. December 6, 2012. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  144. ^ Morgan, Thomas (December 2, 1988). "For Sale in Canarsie: a Beloved Century-Old Cemetery". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  145. ^ Rothstein, Mervyn (September 12, 1982). "Follow-up on the News; Cemetery for Sale". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  146. ^ Lee, Jennifer 8. (May 20, 2009). "Who Wants to Buy a Cemetery?". City Room. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  147. ^ Raftery, Isolde (September 13, 2017). "A Place of Final Rest Changes Hands". City Room. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  148. ^ Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Archived June 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
  149. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Flatlands and Canarsie (Including Bergen Beach, Canarsie, Flatlands, Georgetown, Marine Park and Mill Basin)" (PDF). nyc.gov. NYC Health. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  150. ^ "2016–2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  151. ^ Short, Aaron (June 4, 2017). "New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives". New York Post. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  152. ^ "NYC-Brooklyn Community District 18—Canarsie & Flatlands PUMA, NY". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  153. ^ "2020 Census Results for New York City" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  154. ^ Keefe, John; Wolfe, Daniel; Hernandez, Sergio (August 14, 2021). "Map: Race and ethnicity across the US". CNN. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  155. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder – Community Facts". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  156. ^ "67th Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  157. ^ "69th Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  158. ^ a b "NYC Crime Map". New York City Police Department. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  159. ^ "Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses 2000–2019" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. New York Police Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  160. ^ "Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses by Precinct 2000–2019" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. New York Police Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  161. ^ "FDNY Engine 257/Ladder 170/Battalion 58". FDNYtrucks.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  162. ^ "FDNY Firehouse Listing – Location of Firehouses and companies". NYC Open Data; Socrata. New York City Fire Department. September 10, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  163. ^ New York City Health Provider Partnership Brooklyn Community Needs Assessment: Final Report Archived July 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, New York Academy of Medicine (October 3, 2014).
  164. ^ "NYC Neighborhood ZIP Code Definitions". New York State Department of Health. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
  165. ^ "USPS Locations". Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  166. ^ "Find Your Favorite Park". New York Harbor Parks. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  167. ^ "City Renovation Of Canarsie Pier Area". The New York Times. May 23, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  168. ^ a b Weir, Richard (June 21, 1998). "Desperately Seeking Solitude; An Ocean Voyage Without the High Seas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  169. ^ Foderaro, Lisa W. (June 16, 2013). "A Little-Known Reason for Disparities in New York's Parks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  170. ^ "Canarsie Park". NYRR. August 23, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  171. ^ "Bayview Playground Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. March 1, 1974. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  172. ^ "Bildersee Playground Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. December 5, 1947. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  173. ^ "Curtis Playground : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  174. ^ "Sledge Playground Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. August 10, 1944. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  175. ^ "100% Playground : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  176. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  177. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (July 24, 1959). "Yes, City Transit System Has a Grade Crossing; City Lets Canarsie Retain Gates At Sole Transit System Crossing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  178. ^ "Last Grade Crossing on Subway System Is Closed". The New York Times. August 6, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  179. ^ "Brooklyn Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  180. ^ "Welcome – P.S. 114 Ryder Elementary – K114". New York City Department of Education. February 16, 2017. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  181. ^ "Welcome To P.S. 115 The Daniel Mucatel School – P.S. 115 Daniel Mucatel School – K115". New York City Department of Education. February 17, 2017. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  182. ^ "Welcome – P.S. 272 Curtis Estabrook – K272". New York City Department of Education. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  183. ^ "Welcome to P.S. 279 – P.S. 279 Herman Schreiber – K279". New York City Department of Education. March 22, 2017. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  184. ^ "NY Public School- PS 279". New York City Department of Education. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  185. ^ "Welcome – I.S. 068 Isaac Bildersee – K068". New York City Department of Education. March 1, 2017. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  186. ^ "K211 – I.S. 211 John Wilson – K211". New York City Department of Education. February 9, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  187. ^ "SOUTH SHORE H.S. TO CLOSE BY 2010". Canarsie Courier. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  188. ^ "Canarsie Library". Brooklyn Public Library. August 19, 2011. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  189. ^ "Jamaica Bay Library". Brooklyn Public Library. August 19, 2011. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  190. ^ "Paerdegat Library". Brooklyn Public Library. August 22, 2011. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  191. ^ "The History of the Canarsie Courier". home.earthlink.net. April 25, 2002. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  192. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Esposito, Diana (July 8, 2011). "Canarsie Once Home To Several Who Attained Fame & Fortune". Canarsie Courier. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  193. ^ Staff. "People in Sports; McMillen Is First Casualty of Knicks' Training Camp" Archived December 28, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, September 23, 1977. Accessed April 30, 2017. "Apparently no team in the National Football League considered John Brockington to be worth $100. The 29 year-old native of Canarsie, Brooklyn, who played football at Thomas Jefferson High School and Ohio State, is out of a job after being put on waivers by the Green Bay Packers."
  194. ^ Goldenberg, Sally; Gronewold, Anna; and Durkin, Erin. "What's next for Frank Carone", Politico, January 5, 2023. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Carone has long been a fixture in New York politics, operating behind the scenes as a lawyer, a fundraiser and counsel to the Brooklyn Democratic Party as it navigates perpetual internal turmoil. But Adams' ascent to New York City mayor gave the Canarsie native an opportunity to schmooze with the city's most elite class."
  195. ^ Wiederhorn, Jon. "41 Years Ago: KISS Unleash 'Destroyer' Album" Archived May 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Loudwire. Accessed April 30, 3017. "'That was his song, so it was tolerated,' Ezrin said. 'But Peter sang the hell out of it and we found Peter's true heart. Even though he was this street kid from Canarsie, Brooklyn, he was a soft and gentle guy inside. So he was completely believable and the girls fell in love with him.'"
  196. ^ Asimov, Eric. "Patrick Clark, 42, Is Dead; Innovator in American Cuisine" Archived June 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 13, 1998. Accessed April 30, 2017. "Patrick Clark grew up in Canarsie, Brooklyn, and was inspired to cook by his father, Melvin, who was also a chef."
  197. ^ Galloway, Stephen. "The Confessions of Mike De Luca" Archived December 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Hollywood Reporter, February 24, 2011. Accessed April 30, 2017. "'I was a bookish kid, not really athletic,' De Luca recalls of his youth in Canarsie, a working-class section of Brooklyn."
  198. ^ Elibert, Mark (January 30, 2020). "Flipp Dinero Talks 'Love for Guala': 'I'll Be Bigger Than My Dreams'". Vibe. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  199. ^ a b "The Fat Boys Getting Just Desserts". Washington Post. August 15, 1987. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  200. ^ Wong, Curtis M. "Randy Graff's 'Made In Brooklyn' Draws Inspiration From Tony Winner's Early Years In Canarsie" Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Huffington Post, March 4, 2014. Accessed April 30, 2017.
  201. ^ Staff. "Steven Keats, 48, Film and TV Actor" Archived August 14, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, May 18, 1994. Accessed April 30, 2017. "Mr. Keats, the son of Jewish emigrants from Denmark, was born in the Bronx and grew up in Canarsie, Brooklyn."
  202. ^ Saponara, Michael (December 23, 2021). "Dusty Locane Recalls Pop Smoke Getting Kicked Off Their School's Basketball Team". HipHopDX. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  203. ^ "Necro – "The Art of Necro" Interview". Hiphop-elements.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  204. ^ Rudick, Nicole. "'I Felt Like I Didn't Have a Baby But At Least I'd Have a Book': A Diane Noomin Interview" Archived December 14, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Comics Journal, May 8, 2012. Accessed December 27, 2017. "[Q] How much does her lifestyle resemble that of Canarsie, where you grew up? [A] It wasn't personally similar. I moved to Canarsie when I was twelve, going on thirteen, and I had to learn how to be a teenager in about two weeks because the mores were so different in Brooklyn."
  205. ^ Black Canarsie: A History Archived August 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Brooklyn Public Library. Accessed June 23, 2016. "Famed weatherman and television personality Al Roker (b. 1954), the son of Bahamian immigrants, lived part of his childhood in the Bayview Housing complex during this period. Roker would later regale that Canarsie 'epitomized the melting flavor of Brooklyn with the variety of nationalities who lived there all bonded by their lower middle-class status.'"
  206. ^ Trontz, Ian. "A Lesson in Fleeting Fame From the Old Neighborhood" Archived September 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, July 2, 2011. Accessed April 30, 2017. "Even among Charles's contemporaries, and within a few miles, were better-known figures like John Salley from Canarsie, Mike Tyson from Brownsville and Pearl Washington from Bedford-Stuyvesant."
  207. ^ Witchel, Alex. "Coffee Talk With: Howard Schultz; By Way of Canarsie, One Large Hot Cup of Business Strategy" Archived February 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 14, 1994. Accessed October 1, 2007. "'It's ironic that no matter where I go, I meet people from Brooklyn,' says Howard Schultz, 40, who grew up in Canarsie."
  208. ^ "A Biohazard seethes in Brooklyn." Archived July 4, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, NYPress.com, April 15, 2003, updated February 16, 2015. Accessed April 30, 2017. "At 18, says Seinfeld, it struck him that he'd attended something like a hundred funerals but not a single wedding. He'd grown accustomed to seeing his friends in Canarsie die by murder, suicide, overdose, car accident."
  209. ^ Weber, Bruce (January 19, 2012). "Richard J. Sheirer, Official in Charge of Sept. 11 Rescues, Dies at 65". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
  210. ^ McDonald, Joe. "Writer's Spotlight: Joel Sherman" Archived July 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, NY Sports Day, January 21, 2005. Accessed April 30, 2017. "After going the first month of the season with veteran writers on the Yankee beat, the Canarsie native took over in early May."
  211. ^ Barbanel, Josh. "Preparing for Bonus Season" Archived January 14, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 10, 2006. Accessed October 10, 2007. "Mr. Sliwa grew up in Canarsie, Brooklyn, and talks about also having lived in Brownsville and near Fordham Road in the South Bronx (though he lived most recently in a rental apartment in Kips Bay)."
  212. ^ Caramanica, Jon (September 6, 2019). "The Rapid Rise of Pop Smoke, Brooklyn Rap's Homecoming King". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  213. ^ Schwarz, Alan. "Fan Exits Wall Street, and the Rays Profit" Archived January 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, October 11, 2008. Accessed June 23, 2016. "Sternberg, the Tampa Bay Rays' principal owner, finally sat down and leaned his forearms on his team's dugout roof and finished watching his Rays lose, 2–0, to the Boston Red Sox on Friday night in the first game of the American League Championship Series. He cheered and high-fived and carped like the baseball nut he has been since growing up in the Canarsie section of Brooklyn, rooting for the Los Angeles Dodgers and abhorring the Yankees."
  214. ^ Zidel, Alex (June 16, 2021). "Rah Swish Asserts Himself As The "Mayor Of The Streets" On New Project". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  215. ^ Friedman, Jack. "1980s 'Miracle on Ice' Gives Hockey Coach Lou Vairo An Extremely Tough Act to Follow" Archived November 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, People (magazine), December 12, 1983. Accessed April 30, 2017. "For good reason. If hockey is a small, insular world, then Vairo grew up on what amounts to another planet. That is, he grew up not in Fond du Lac, Wis. or Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, but in the Canarsie section of Brooklyn."
  216. ^ Garcia, Julian. "Williams Picks Miami" Archived December 28, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily News, January 27, 2001. Accessed December 27, 2017. "It might be a few years before Leon Williams gets to play in a Super Bowl. But if he does make it there someday, he'll have one other thing in common with three key players in tomorrow's big game. Williams – a 6–3, 230-pound All-City linebacker from Canarsie – gave a verbal commitment this week to the University of Miami, the same school where Giants linebackers Micheal Barrow and Jessie Armstead played, as well as Baltimore's Ray Lewis, the NFL's Defensive Player of the Year."
[edit]